Toward Improved Environmental and Social Management of Indian Shrimp Farming* |
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Authors: | LARS HEIN |
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Institution: | (1) Project Advisory Unit, Investment Centre Division, Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100, Rome, Italy, IT |
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Abstract: | In the last decade, Indian shrimp aquaculture production tripled from 30,000 tons (1990) to 102,000 tons (1999). This fast
development, combined with a lack of adequate planning and regulation, caused a number of environmental problems and social
conflicts, including conversion of mangroves, water pollution, and salinization of drinking water wells. Because of the significant
investments made in shrimp culture and the size of the environmental and social impacts, the formulation of a regulatory framework
for shrimp aquaculture has been subject to an intensive debate between the aquaculture and the environmental lobbies. Following
an order from the Supreme Court (1996), the Aquaculture Authority was established and a regulatory and institutional framework
for the shrimp aquaculture sector has been set up. However, implementation of the system is still defective, and there is
an urgent need for improvement. Farmers are increasingly able to prevent the devastating white spot disease in shrimps, and
in the absence of proper planning and regulation, further expansion of shrimp production could result in significant additional
environmental and social costs. The environmental and social management of Indian shrimp farming can be improved through a
mix of policy measures, including strengthening of the license system, more effective enforcement of regulations, the use
of economic incentives, and increased monitoring of environmental and social impacts. |
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Keywords: | : Shrimp farming India Environmental and social impact Policy |
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