The investigation of air quality and acid rain over the Gulf of Mexico |
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| Institution: | 1. Water Engineering and Management, Universiteit Twente, Post Office Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands;2. Physics of Fluids, Universiteit Twente, Post Office Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands;1. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, 0179 Tbilisi, Georgia;2. Physics Department, New York City College of Technology, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11201 USA;3. Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, New York 10016, USA;1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway;2. Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA;3. Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Florida Hospital Cancer Institute, Orlando, FL, USA;4. National Advisory Unit for Late Effects after Cancer Treatment, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway;5. Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;6. Division of Gynecological Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA;1. Soil Science of Tropical and Subtropical Ecosystems, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;2. Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;3. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, 65145 Malang, Indonesia |
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| Abstract: | A research cruise was conducted in the summer of 1986 by a group of scientist from the U.S.A. and Mexico to investigate air chemistry over the Gulf of Mexico. Chemical, physical, meteorological and oceanographic measurements were carried out to survey temporal and spatial variations of diverse parameters throughout the Gulf. Emphases were placed on air-sea-land exchange of gases and aerosols, natural air quality, transport of anthropogenic air pollution, and acid rain deposition to the Gulf. Although the prevailing winds were easterly from the sea during the cruise, the air was highly polluted with continental aerosols, probably caused by local shifting winds and the oscillation between sea breeze and land breeze. Aerosol number concentrations were measured from 105 cm−3 at ports to 103 cm−3 in the open Gulf. The average aerosol mass concentration was ∼25μg M−3, consisting of 60% insoluble crustal particles that contained Si, Al, Fe; 30% seasalt particles that contained Na+ and Cl−; and 10% anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate particles. Samples of rain water collected near the coast were acidic (pH ∼4). The concentrations of dimethyl sulfide correlated with bio-particle concentrations in surface seawater and could be a significant precursor of atmospheric SO42− particles. The life cycles of the aerosols in the Gulf, including sources, transport, transformation, and wet and dry deposition are discussed. |
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