基于目标对照样本的自然保护地保护成效评估:以梵净山冷杉群落为例

建立自然保护地是保护生物多样性最直接、有效的方法，评估自然保护地的保护成效是“2020年全球生物多样性目标”的关键要求之一. 本文提出了基于目标对照样本的自然保护地保护成效评估方法，并以梵净山国家级自然保护区核心区内的梵净山冷杉(Abies fanjingshanensis)群落样地为示范，以梵净山冷杉近熟群落样地为评估试验样本，以相似生境因子背景下的梵净山冷杉成熟群落样地为目标对照样本，通过比较两个样本下梵净山冷杉的平均胸径与重要值、生态位宽度及群落的物种多样性指数等指标的年际变化及其差异，以评估梵净山保护区对梵净山冷杉近熟群落样地的保护成效. 结果表明:①2006—2011年，评估试验样本中梵净山冷杉的平均胸径与重要值随年际变化均表现为极显著增加(P < 0.01)，而目标对照样本内梵净山冷杉的平均胸径与重要值表现为显著增加(P < 0.05)；其中评估试验样本中重要值增加了29.18%，高于目标对照样本中的增加程度(10.27%). ②评估试验样本中梵净山冷杉的生态位宽度值显著高于目标对照样本(P < 0.05). ③评估试验样本中梵净山冷杉所在群落的Shannon多样性指数值、Margalef丰富度指数值及Patrick丰富度指数值均显著高于目标对照样本(P < 0.05). 研究显示:保护区对梵净山冷杉近熟群落样地的保护效果较好，多数指标值及其变化值均显著高于目标对照样本；通过设定目标对照样本以反映评估对象现状与目标之间的差异，能够更加准确地评判自然保护地对保护对象的保护成效，进而提出更有针对性的管护措施. 

Assessment of Conservation Effectiveness of Protected Areas Based on Target Control Samples: A Case Study of Abies fanjingshanensis Communities

Establishing protected areas (PAs) is the most direct and effective way to protect biodiversity, and assessing the conservation effectiveness of PAs is one of the key requirements of the ‘2020 Global Biodiversity Targets’. This paper proposed a method to assess the conservation effectiveness of PAs based on target control samples in order to provide a reference in terms of methodology framework and indicator selection. The near-mature Abies fanjingshanensis community in the core area of Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve was taken as the assessment experimental sample, and the mature Abies fanjingshanensis community under the background of similar habitat factors was taken as the target control sample. To assess the conservation effectiveness of the near-mature Abies fanjingshanensis community sample plot, this study compared the interannual variations and their differences of the average diameter at breast height (DBH) and importance value, niche breadth, and the community species diversity index of Abies fanjingshanensis between the two samples. The results showed that: (1) From 2006 to 2011, the average DBH and importance value of Abies fanjingshanensis in the assessment experimental sample increased extremely significantly (P<0.01), while the average DBH and importance value of Abies fanjingshanensis in the target control sample increased significantly (P<0.05). Among them, the importance value of assessment experimental sample increased by 29.18%, which was higher than the target control sample (10.27%). (2) The niche breadth value of Abies fanjingshanensis in the assessment experimental sample was significantly higher than that of the target control sample (P<0.05). (3) The values of Shannon diversity index, Margalef richness index, and Patrick richness index of Abies fanjingshanensis in the assessment experimental sample were significantly higher than those of the target control sample (P<0.05). The study showed that the nature reserve had good conservation effectiveness on the near-mature Abies fanjingshanensis community sample plot, and the status and change values of most indicators were significantly higher than those of the target control sample. Setting the target control sample can better reflect the conservation effectiveness of PAs by comparing the differences between the status and ideal target of the research object, which can guide the PAs with more accurate management and protection measures.