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Estrogens and synthetic androgens in manure slurry from trenbolone acetate/estradiol implanted cattle and in waste-receiving lagoons used for irrigation
Institution:1. Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca'' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy;2. Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy;1. Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska - Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States;2. Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182-0040, United States;3. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India;4. Nebraska Water Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, United States;5. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Peter Kiewit Institute, Omaha, NE 68182-0178, United States;6. Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3002, United States
Abstract:The increasing size of concentrated animal feeding operations has led to a concomitant increase in the land-application of manure, which has spawned research on the concentrations and environmental risk assessment of natural and synthetic hormones in animal manures. 17β-Trenbolone acetate (TBA) is widely used in the United States for improving daily gains in beef cattle and is often administered in combination with 17β-estradiol (17β-E2). Trenbolone (TB) and E2 isomers and their metabolites were quantified in manure collection pits and lagoon effluent from beef cattle implanted with the commercial anabolic preparation Ravoler-S (containing 140 mg 17β-trenbolone acetate and 28 mg 17β-E2). Manure pit and lagoon effluent samples were collected weekly for 9 weeks post implanting and analyzed using reverse-phase liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. 17α-TB was the most abundant androgen with the highest concentration observed 2 weeks post implant. 17β-TB and trendione peaked at the end of week 2 and 4, respectively. For the estrogens, the highest concentrations for estrone (E1), estriol (E3), and 17α-E2 were observed after week 4, 6, and 8, respectively. 17β-E2 concentrations were the lowest of the estrogens and erratic over time. In lagoon water, which is used for irrigation, 17α-TB and E1 had the highest detected hormone concentrations (1.53 and 1.72 μg L−1, respectively). Assuming a 1–2 order dilution during transport to surface water, these hormone levels could lead to concentrations in receiving waters that exceed some of the lowest observable effect levels (LOELs) reported for hormones (e.g., 0.01–0.03 μg L−1).
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