Biotransformation of atrazine and metolachlor within soil profile and changes in microbial communities |
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| Institution: | 1. Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, 193 Pantazidou, 682 00 Orestias, Greece;2. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Pesticide Science Laboratory, P.O. Box 1678, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;3. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Operation Research Section, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;1. National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Institute of Power Engineering, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia;2. RASA Center in Tomsk, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30, Lenin Avenue, Tomsk 634050, Russia;1. Faculty of Agriculture, Pesticide Science Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 60173, 57001 Thermi, Greece;2. Faculty of Agriculture, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, P.O. Box 269, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;3. Faculty of Agricultural Development, Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, Democritus University of Thrace, 193 Pantazidou, 682 00 Orestias, Greece;1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China;2. Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden;3. The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China;1. State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;2. Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden;3. The First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China |
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| Abstract: | Biotransformation studies of atrazine, metolachlor and evolution of their metabolites were carried out in soils and subsoils of Northern Greece. Trace atrazine, its metabolites and metolachlor residues were detected in field soil samples 1 year after their application. The biotransformation rates of atrazine were higher in soils and subsoils of field previously exposed to atrazine (maize field sites) than in respective layers of the field margin. The DT50 values of atrazine ranged from 5 to 18 d in the surface layers of the adapted soils. DT50 values of atrazine increased as the soil depth increased reaching the value of 43 d in the 80–110 cm depth layer of adapted soils. Metolachlor degraded at slower rates than atrazine in surface soils, subsoils of field and field margins with the respective DT50 values ranging from 56 to 72 d in surface soils and from 165 to 186 d in subsoils. Hydroxyatrazine was the most frequently detected metabolite of atrazine. The maximum concentrations of metolachlor-OXA and metolachlor-ESA were detected in the soil layers of 20–40 cm depth after 90 d of incubation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of soil Phospholipid Fatty Acids (PLFAs), fungal/bacterial and Gram-negative/Gram-positive ratios of the PLFA profiles revealed that the higher biotransformation rates of atrazine were simultaneously observed with the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria while the respective rates of metolachlor were observed in soil samples with abundance of fungi. |
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