全过程管理视角的上海市垃圾分类回顾与展望

为掌握分类投放全面推广对城市生活垃圾全过程管理的影响,系统回顾了上海生活垃圾分类的推行历程,从生命周期角度预测了不同分类水平下上海生活垃圾处理与处置的环境效应。上海垃圾分类经历了试点、推广、调整、强制推广4个阶段,指导思路从资源化主导转变为"减量化、资源化、无害化"并行,减量效果从调整阶段开始逐渐显现,其他垃圾热值提高。在模拟的8种场景中,当湿垃圾、可回收物、其他垃圾混合投放并处置时,总环境影响潜值最高,达到1.22×10-13 PET₂₀₀₀/t;湿垃圾、可回收物、其他垃圾分出量占比分别为30%、20%和50%时(上海市生活垃圾厌氧消化、焚烧和回收的最大处理能力分别占总处理能力的25%、60%和15%),可实现原生垃圾零填埋,并获得最佳环境效益,环境影响潜值降为8.13×10-14 PET₂₀₀₀/t。从生活垃圾全过程管理角度看,分类投放是前提条件,配套适当的处理处置设施才能更好地显现环境效益优势。

REVIEW AND PROSPECT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CLASSIFICATION IN SHANGHAI FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT

In order to assess the impact of mandatory municipal solid waste (MSW) classification on urban MSW integrated management, the implementation process of Shanghai MSW classification was reviewed, and the environmental effects of Shanghai's MSW integrated management under different classification levels were predicted, with the idea of life cycle assessment. Shanghai's MSW classification has gone through four stages, including pilot, promotion, adjustment and compulsory promotion. The guiding idea has changed from Recycling to Reduction, Recycling and Harmless. The effect of reduction gradually emerges from the adjustment stage, and the calorific value of residual waste increases. In the 8 simulated scenarios, when wet waste, recyclable waste and residual waste were mixed into and disposed of, the total environmental impact potential value was the highest, reaching 1.22×10-13 PET₂₀₀₀/t. When the proportion of wet waste, recyclables and residual waste was respectively 30%, 20% and 50% (the maximum treatment capacity of anaerobic digestion, incineration and recycling of MSW in Shanghai accounted for 25%, 60%, 15% of the total treatment capacity), none of the native MSW was directly disposed by landfilling, and the environmental effect could be optimized with 8.13×10-14 PET₂₀₀₀/t. From the perspective of whole-process management of MSW, classified delivery is a prerequisite, and supporting appropriate treatment and disposal facilities can better show its advantages of environmental benefit.