Spatial Variation in Acidic Sulfate and Ammonia Concentrations within Metropolitan Philadelphia |
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| Authors: | Helen H Suh George A Allen Petros Koutrakis Robert M Burton |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Public Health , Harvard University , Boston , Massachusetts , USA;2. Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park , North Carolina , USA |
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| Abstract: | Abstract Acidic sulfate concentrations were measured in metropolitan Philadelphia during the summers of 1992 and 1993, as part of a continuing effort to characterize particle concentrations in urban environments. Sampling was performed simultaneously at eight sites located within and around metropolitan Philadelphia. Sites were selected based on their population density and on their distance and direction from the city center. Air pollution sampling was conducted every other day during the summer of 1992 and every day during the summer of 1993. All samples were collected for 24-h periods beginning at 9 a.m. (EDT). All acidic sulfate and ammonia samples were collected using modified Harvard-EPA Annular Denuder Systems (HEADS). In this paper, we examine the spatial variation in acidic sulfate and ammonia concentrations within the metropolitan Philadelphia area. We also identify factors that may influence their variation and develop models to predict their concentrations. Outdoor sulfate (SO4 2?) concentrations were uniform within metropolitan Philadelphia; however, aerosol strong acidity (H+) concentrations varied spatially. This variation generally was independent of wind direction, but was related to local factors, such as the NH3 concentration, population density, and distance from the center of the city. Physico-chemical models, which were developed using data collected during the summer of 1992, were excellent predictors of 24-h and mean summertime H+ concentrations measured during the summer of 1993. Models accounted for 78% of the variation in 24-h H+ levels. Results suggest that a single stationary ambient (SAM) monitor would be sufficient to estimate SO4 2? exposures for populations living in Philadelphia. For H+, however, multiple monitoring sites or models should be used to determine the outdoor H+ exposures of populations living in urban environments, although a single SAM site may provide an excellent index of H+ variation over time. |
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