Verification of traffic emitted aerosol components in the ambient air of Cologne (Germany) |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Automobile, Chang''an University, Xi''an 710064, China;2. College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China;3. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang''an University, Xi''an 710064, China;4. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang''an University, Xi''an 710064, China;5. Xi''an Environmental Protection Bureau, Xi''an 710054, China;1. Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy;2. Institute for Risk Assessment Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands;3. Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | Emission of heavy metals, besides ozone and diesel-soot, is one of the most significant environmental problems caused by the existing transport systems. Emission arises from different parts of vehicles (tyres, brakes, exhausts) or running trains (rails, wheels, overhead cables, etc.). Various types of emission with their insufficiently known ways of spreading makes it difficult to estimate the risk and to realise effective counter-measures.Size-dependent sampling of aerosols with the virtual impactor technique of a dichotomous sampler (<2.5 μm, 2.5–10 μm) allows one to identify several aerosol components at the sampling locations and to reliably determine their relative proportions. Analyses of 30–40 elements from immission samplings at 12 places in and around Cologne are compared with specific patterns of elements from relevant emission sources. Moreover, taking into account the particle size, relative abundances of Zn, Mo, Cu and Sb can be estimated by assuming an average of around 30% of diesel-soot in the fine fraction, and ∼3% from an abraded tyre material together with ∼0.3% from rubbed off brake-linings in the coarse fraction. The assumption of 0.3% for brake-linings is based on the relative abundances of Cu and Sb which besides Cd are the most highly enriched. Since most brake-linings used in cars contain these elements in an unusually high quantity (5–20% Cu and 1–5% Sb) and are in very similar ratios as measured in the coarse fraction, Cu and Sb may be taken as quantitative tracers for the brake-lining component in the immission. The environmental interest in Sb arises mainly from the toxicological potential of the compounds Sb2S3 and Sb2O3.Other traffic related components could only be identified very close to the sources of emissions. Besides Pt from cars with catalysators and Cu emitted from overhead cables of trams, an As-enrichment from rusting rails, which segregates into fine particles because of shaking due to passing trains, was discovered. |
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