Occurrence and sources of particulate nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air in Denmark |
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| Affiliation: | 1. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom;2. Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia;3. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;4. Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21526 El Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt;1. Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;2. Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;3. Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128 Mainz, Germany;1. Institut National de l''Environnement industriel et des RISques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France;2. CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France;3. Université de Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33405, Talence Cedex, France;4. Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Department, Mainz, Germany;5. Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Brno, Czech Republic;6. Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysiques de l''Environnement (LGGE), Université de Grenoble-Alpes/CNRS, Grenoble, France |
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| Abstract: | The occurrence of selected nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) associated with atmospheric particulate matter has been investigated at an urban site and at a semi-rural site. For this purpose an analysis method based on gas chromatography and tandem ion trap mass spectrometry has been developed and applied. The nitro-PAH levels have been compared with levels of other air pollutants including unsubstituted PAHs, inorganic gases and particulate matter, as well as with meteorological parameters. Correlations and concentration ratios suggest that the dominant source of 9-nitroanthracene at the urban site is direct emissions, whereas at the semirural site its dominant source is atmospheric formation. The atmospheric formation of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene generally seems to be initiated by OH radicals during the day rather than by NO3 radicals at night. The average contribution of the OH initiated formation is estimated to be in the range of 90–100%. However, under wintertime conditions with cloudy weather implying low OH radical production, NO3 radicals may also be important as initiators of nitro-PAH formation. Samples influenced by transport of polluted air masses from the European continent have significantly elevated concentrations of atmospherically formed nitro-PAHs. The directly emitted nitro-PAHs, 1-nitropyrene and 3-nitrofluoranthene, do not exhibit elevated levels during such long-range transport episodes. |
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