Fine particle measurements at two background sites in Korea between 1996 and 1997 |
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| Institution: | 1. Global Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Hawolkokdong Sungbukku, PO Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 136-791, South Korea;2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 93-1 Mojindong Kwangjinku, Seoul 143-701, South Korea;3. Department of Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 200-701, South Korea;1. Department of Earth Science Education, Korea National University of Education, Gangnae, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28173, South Korea;2. Department of Science Education, Jeonju University, 303 Cheonjam, Wansan, Jeonju, Cheonbuk, 55069, South Korea;1. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Dong-Eui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea;1. Chemicals Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea;2. Environmental Measurement and Analysis Center, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea;3. Atmospheric Environmental Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Five intensive field measurements were carried out at two background sites in Korea; Kosan and Kangwha during spring, fall, and winters of 1996 and 1997 to investigate the characteristics of long-range transport of air pollutants in northeastern Asia. Fine particles (PM2.5) were collected by low-volume samplers and the concentrations of major ions, organic and elemental carbons, and nitric acid were quantified. The concentrations of anthropogenic species in PM2.5 measured at both sites were generally higher than those at other background areas, Nagano, Japan and San Nicolas Is., USA due to continental outflow of air pollutants, but lower than those at an urban background site, Qingdao, China. The major components of PM2.5 were sulfate, organic carbon (OC), and ammonium for Kosan and sulfate, OC, ammonium, and nitrate for Kangwha. The major fractions of sulfate at both sites are non-sea-salts (nss) sulfate. Based on the relationship among major anthropogenic species, analysis of the nss sulfate to total nitrate molar ratios, and backward air parcel trajectories, it was found that fine particles measured at both sites during the measurement periods are mainly coming from China. At Kosan, the concentrations of anthropogenic species were higher when air parcels were coming from southern China than when air parcels were from northern China. At Kangwha, however, the differences of the concentrations were not statistically significant since most air parcels were from northern China and local effects are prominent. |
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