Genetic structure and gene flow of eelgrass Zostera marina populations in Tokyo Bay,Japan: implications for their restoration |
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| Authors: | Norio Tanaka Teruko Demise Mitsuhiro Ishii Yasumasa Shoji Masahiro Nakaoka |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1, Amakubo, Tsukuba Ibaraki, 305-0005, Japan;(2) Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33, Yayoicho, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan;(3) Chiba Prefectural Fisheries Research Center, 2492, Kotsubo, Futtsu Chiba, 293-0042, Japan;(4) Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Aikappu, Akkeshi Hokkaido, 088-1113, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Massive losses of eelgrass Zostera marina beds in Japan have occurred over the past 100 years. Toward their restoration, transplantation of eelgrass has been attempted in some areas, including Tokyo Bay. This study examined population genetic structures and gene flow in eelgrass in Tokyo Bay to establish guidelines for conducting restoration. Genotypes of a total of 360 individuals from 12 beds were determined using five microsatellite markers. The eelgrass beds in inner bay had above-average genetic diversity. A neighbor-joining tree based on F ST values among beds revealed that a strong gene flow had occurred among six beds in the inner bay. Genetic assignment testing of drifting shoots indicated that those with seeds migrate in both directions between the inner and outer bay. We suggested that the restoration of eelgrass in the innermost part of Tokyo Bay, where natural habitats have been lost, should be conducted using the inner bay beds. |
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