济南趵突泉泉域水化学特征空间差异性及控制因素分析

为掌握济南趵突泉泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征及离子来源,着眼于趵突泉泉域间接补给区、直接补给区和汇集出露区这3个功能区,以地下水流动系统理论为指导,基于区域自然地理和水文地质条件,分别采集分析了不同功能区的地下水样品,并采用水化学参数统计、多元统计、自组织神经网络（SOM）分析、水化学图形分析和离子比例系数等分析方法,研究各功能区地下水水化学特征空间差异性,并揭示其控制因素.结果表明,由于地下水径流路径的不同,不同功能区水化学参数存在差异,但总的来说趵突泉泉域各功能区地下水均呈碱性,表现出典型的碳酸盐矿物溶解特征；汇集出露区地下水同时受到直接补给区和间接补给区的补给,地下水从间接补给区到汇集出露区水化学类型由HCO₃-Ca型向HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型转变,含水层内存在少量的石膏溶解作用生成了Ca²⁺与SO₄^2-；地下水中离子主要来源于含水层岩石矿物的溶滤作用,同时受阳离子交换作用、矿物溶解-平衡及人类活动的综合影响.趵突泉泉域地下水受人类活动影响较大,人类活动在一定程度上影响了泉域地下水水化学的演化.

Analysis on Spatial Variability of Hydrochemical Characteristics and Control Factors of Jinan Baotu Spring Area

To understand the karst groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and ion sources of the Jinan Baotu Spring area, this study focused on the three functional zones as an indirect recharge area, direct recharge area, and discharge area. Through water sample collection and testing, the spatial variability of groundwater chemical characteristics in different functional zones and the formation mechanism were analyzed using hydrochemistry parameter statistics, multivariate statistics, self-organizing map, hydrochemistry graphical analysis, ion ratios, and other methods, guided by the theory of groundwater flow system and combined with regional physical geography and hydrogeological conditions. The results showed that： the groundwater of each functional zone was alkaline as is typical in the dissolution of carbonate minerals. Owing to the different groundwater runoff pathways, the variability of water chemistry parameters in different functional areas was obvious. The groundwater of the discharge area was recharged by both the direct recharge area and the indirect recharge area. The hydrochemistry type changed from HCO₃-Ca type to HCO₃·SO₄-Ca type through the indirect recharge area to the discharge area. The presence of a small amount of gypsum dissolution within the aquifer generated Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2-. The ions in groundwater mainly came from the dissolution and filtration of aquifer rock minerals, and at the same time, they were affected by cation exchange, mineral dissolution equilibrium, and the combined effects of human activities. The groundwater in the Baotu Spring area was greatly influenced by human activities, which to some extent affected the evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry in the spring area.