Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt

A site that covers over 20 acres of coastal saline depression in the western Mediterranean coastal desert of Egypt (El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal in Al-Alamein) is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of activities from refineries, oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. This area, prior to contamination, was dominated by different common halophytes. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil. A specific question addressed in the present study was: what are the biochemical changes occurring in a desert plant growing in oil-contaminated soils? Major metabolites such as proline, betaine, free amino acids, fatty acid esters and mineral elements were studied. The plant samples were collected from the oil-contaminated, as well as noncontaminated, sites. The higher concentration in the selected organic metabolites in the plants growing in the contaminated site compared to those in noncontaminated site may be due to differences in a number of receptors. The sensitivity of such receptors for the environmental signal that cause differences in genetic expression leads to differences in physiological processes. The change in the landscape of the contaminated area and the elimination of the natural vegetation, except L. monopetalum, may explain the competitive balance toward the oil-resistant species.