基于环境效应的土壤重金属临界负荷制图

我国高速发展的工业化和城市化造成土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,威胁到生态环境和人体健康,因此重金属污染的防控与管理变得尤其重要.临界负荷是重金属风险管理的重要工具,可以用来防范重金属污染危害的发生.本文基于现状平衡、水环境效应以及健康风险这3种情形,采用稳态质量平衡模型,分别计算Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素在不同效应水平下的临界负荷值并进行制图,分析重金属临界负荷及其空间分布特征,利用长三角地区和中国的农田重金属输入通量,估算出超临界负荷的面积比例.结果表明,Cd的临界负荷值最小,Pb次之,Cu和Zn较大.研究区内各元素的临界负荷在空间上存在差异,低值区主要分布在林地,高值区零散地分布于城市东部与西南部,农田以中值区和中高值区为主.与通量监测数据比较发现,各重金属元素均出现超临界负荷现象,其中研究区90%以上面积的Pb、Zn元素均超出不同效应下的临界负荷,Cd元素主要在现状平衡与健康风险下出现超临界负荷,Cu元素在现状平衡与水环境效应下出现大面积超临界负荷.本文研究的不同效应水平下的重金属临界负荷可以作为重金属排放控制的参考,从而有效地控制重金属的排放来防止重金属污染风险的发生.

Mapping Critical Loads of Heavy Metals for Soil Based on Different Environmental Effects

China's rapid development of industrialization and urbanization causes the growing problem of heavy metal pollution of soil, threatening environment and human health. Therefore, prevention and management of heavy metal pollution become particularly important. Critical loads of heavy metals are an important management tool that can be utilized to prevent the occurrence of heavy metal pollution. Our study was based on three cases: status balance, water environmental effects and health risks. We used the steady-state mass balance equation to calculate the critical loads of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn at different effect levels and analyze the values and spatial variation of critical loads. In addition, we used the annual input fluxes of heavy metals of the agro-ecosystem in the Yangtze River delta and China to estimate the proportion of area with exceedance of critical loads. The results demonstrated that the critical load value of Cd was the minimum, and the values of Cu and Zn were lager. There were spatial differences among the critical loads of four elements in the study area, lower critical loads areas mainly occurred in woodland and high value areas distributed in the east and southwest of the study area, while median values and the medium high areas mainly occurred in farmland. Comparing the input fluxes of heavy metals, we found that Pb and Zn in more than 90% of the area exceeded the critical loads under different environmental effects in the study area. The critical load exceedance of Cd mainly occurred under the status balance and the water environmental effect, while Cu under the status balance and water environmental effect with a higher proportion of exceeded areas. Critical loads of heavy metals at different effect levels in this study could serve as a reference from effective control of the emissions of heavy metals and to prevent the occurrence of heavy metal pollution.