三峡库区表层沉积物重金属含量时空变化特征及潜在生态风险变化趋势研究

三峡工程建设以来,三峡水库干支流水文形势已发生了重大变化,造成水体悬浮物沉降条件改变,可能导致库区表层沉积物性状发生变化.通过对2000~2015年三峡水库干流江津至坝址段和嘉陵江、御临河、乌江、小江、大宁河、香溪河等主要支流表层沉积物中重金属污染物含量水平、时空变化及潜在生态风险变化趋势分析,结果表明,三峡库区在2000~2015年长江干流沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素各断面含量平均值区间分别为46.5~85.7、43.8~65.1、784.2~910.6、8.44~11.91、0.193~0.236 mg·kg~(-1);支流沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素含量平均值区间分别为16.5~85.6、25.8~74.8、573.7~996.3、6.96~13.31、0.160~0.232 mg·kg~(-1).三峡水库干流局部河段左右岸表层沉积物中重金属含量存在较明显差异;铜、铅、锰、砷、汞元素在表层沉积物中含量变化趋势各异,不同水期干支流表层沉积物中重金属含量存在一定程度波动,其中汞元素变化最为明显.不同元素在不同断面随时间变化趋势不完全一致.库区沉积物中铜、铅、锰、砷等元素含量呈现显著的正相关,但砷与其他元素相关性低;汞元素与其他重金属之间无明显相关性.地累积指数法评价表明,三峡库区表层沉积物重金属总体处于较低富集水平,但汞元素污染值得注意;长江干流及除乌江外主要支流大部分时段表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数变化较小,只在部分时段出现升高的情形;乌江表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险指数2008年前处于相对较高水平,但2008年后下降并趋于稳定.

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of the Heavy Metals Content in the Surface Sediment and the Potential Ecological Risk Trends in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

With the construction progress of the Three Gorges Project, the hydrological situation of Three Gorges Reservoir changes greatly, which causes the changes of suspended solids precipitation conditions and surface sediment traits. This research analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of the heavy metal pollution in the surface sediment and the potential ecological risk trends during the years from 2000 to 2015 in the trunk stream of the Yangtze River from Jiangjin to the Three Gorges Dam area and some major tributaries, such as Jialing River, Yulin River, Wujiang River, Xiaojiang River, Xiangxi River. The results showed that the average content ranges of heavy metals (including Cu, Pb, Mn, As, Hg etc.) in surface sediments at the main stream monitoring sections during the study period were 46.5-85.7 mg·kg^-1(Cu), 43.8-65.1 mg·kg^-1(Pb), 784.2-910.6 mg·kg^-1(Mn), 8.44-11.91 mg·kg^-1(As), 0.193-0.236 mg·kg^-1(Hg) respectively; The average content ranges of the heavy metals in surface sediments at the main stream monitoring sections during the study period were 16.5-85.6 mg·kg^-1(Cu), 25.8-74.8 mg·kg^-1(Pb), 573.7-996.3 mg·kg^-1 (Mn), 6.96-13.31 mg·kg^-1 (As), 0.160-0.232 mg·kg^-1 (Hg) respectively. The results also showed that there were obvious differences of the heavy metals content in some areas between the left and right bank of the trunk stream of the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The results also showed that the concentration variation trends of the heavy metals were different in the surface sediments, such as Cu, Pb, Mn, As and Hg. The content of Hg was the most influenced element by the water period effect. The concentration variation trends of these elements were different at different monitoring sections during the construction and water harvesting progress of the Three Gorges project. The contents of Cu, Pb, Mn and As in sediment from the Three Gorges Reservoir area showed strong positive correlations between each other. But there was a low correlation between the content of As and those of other elements. There was no significant correlation between the content of Hg and those of other heavy metal elements. According to the geoaccumulation index analytical method, the contents of the heavy metals in surface sediments in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were generally at low enrichment level. But the pollution caused by Hg should be paid attention. The change of potential ecological risk index was small in the main stream and the major tributaries of the Yangtze River (except Wujiang River) in most of the time. It should also be noted that the change of potential ecological risk index fluctuated obviously at a high level before the year of 2008, and then the change fluctuations trends descended with time and tended to be stable.