Experimental study of the evaporation of spreading liquid nitrogen |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Energy Plant Safety, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 156, Gajungbukno, Yusong, Daejeon, 305-343, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Plant System and Machinery, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea;1. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy;2. Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy;1. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China;1. Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center, Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843-3122, USA;2. Mary Kay O’Connor Process Safety Center - Qatar, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar;1. Hydrogen Safety Codes and Standards, Transportation and Hydrogen Systems Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Pkwy, Golden, CO 80401, USA;2. H2 Fueling and CIP Markets Engineering, Linde, LLC, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA;3. Joint Research Centre, Petten, the Netherlands;1. State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing 100028, China;2. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi''an Jiaotong University, Xi''an 710049, China;1. Mary Kay O''Connor Process Safety Center, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;2. Mary Kay O''Connor Process Safety Center - Qatar, Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A&M University at Qatar, PO Box 23874, Education City, Doha, Qatar |
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| Abstract: | The investigation of cryogenic liquid pool spreading is an essential procedure to assess the hazard of cryogenic liquid usage. There is a wide range of models used to describe the spreading of a cryogenic liquid pool. Many of these models require the evaporation velocity, which has to be determined experimentally because the heat transfer process between the liquid pool and the surroundings is too complicated to be modeled. In this experimental study, to measure the evaporation velocity when the pool is spreading, liquid nitrogen was continuously released onto unconfined concrete ground. Almost all of the reported results are based on a non-spreading pool in which cryogenic liquid is instantaneously poured onto bounded ground for a very short period of time. For the precise measurement of pool spreading and evaporation weight with time, a cone-type funnel was designed to achieve a nearly constant liquid nitrogen release rate during discharge. Specifically, three nozzles with nominal flow rates of 3.4 × 10−2 kg/s, 5.6 × 10−2 kg/s and 9.0 × 10−2 kg/s were used to investigate the effect of the release rate on the evaporation velocity. It is noted that information about the release rate is not necessary to measure the evaporation velocity in case of the non-spreading pool. A simultaneous measurement of the pool location using thermocouples and of the pool mass using a digital balance was carried out to measure the evaporation velocity and the pool radius. A greater release flow rate was found to result in a greater average evaporation velocity, and the evaporation velocity decreased with the spreading time and the pool radius. |
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| Keywords: | Liquid nitrogen Spreading pool Release flow rate Evaporation velocity |
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