Development of heat transfer and evaporation model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China;2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Urban and Industrial Safety, Nanjing 210009, China;1. Center for Offshore Engineering and Safety Technology, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, PR China;2. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 257061, PR China;3. Department of Environment and Safety Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, PR China;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihta, Bihar, 801103, India;2. Division 2.2, Reactive Substances and Systems, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India;1. School of Chemical Machinery and Safety Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China;3. Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;1. Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia;2. School of Management, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia;3. Centro para la Optimización y Probabilidad Aplicada (COPA), Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia;1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea;2. Hyundai Heavy Industries, 17-10, Mabuk-ro 240 Beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 446-912, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | Natural gas is a kind of clean, efficient green energy source, which is used widely. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is produced by cooling natural gas to ?161 °C, at which it becomes the liquid. Once LNG was released, fire or explosion would happen when ignition source existed nearby. The high expansion foam (Hi-Ex foam) is believed to quickly blanket on the top of LNG spillage pool and warm the LNG vapor to lower the vapor cloud density at the ground level and raising vapor buoyancy. To identify the physical structure after it contacted with LN2 and to develop heat transfer model, the small-scale field test with liquid nitrogen (LN2) was designed. In experiment, three layers including frozen ice layer, frozen Hi-Ex layer and soft layer of Hi-Ex foam were observed at the steady state. By characterizing physical structure of the foam, formulas for calculating the surface of single foam bubble and counting foam film thickness were deduced. The micro heat transfer and evaporation model between cryogenic liquid and Hi-Ex foam was established. Indicating the physical structure of the frozen ice layer, there were a certain number of icicles below it. The heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model between the frozen ice layer and LNG was derived. Combining models above with the heat transfer between LNG, ground and cofferdam, the heat transfer and evaporation mathematical model of LNG covered by Hi-Ex foam was developed eventually. Finally, LN2 evaporation rate calculated by this model was compared with the measured evaporation rate. The calculated results are 1.2–2.1 times of experimental results, which were acceptable in engineering and proved the model was reliable. |
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| Keywords: | Liquid nitrogen High expansion foam Experimental methods Heat transfer Evaporation rate Safety |
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