Economic impact of the integration of alternative vehicle technologies into the New Zealand vehicle fleet |
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| Authors: | Jonathan Leaver Kenneth Gillingham |
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| Institution: | 1. Sustainable Energy Research Group, Unitec NZ, Private Bag 92025, Auckland 1147, New Zealand;2. Precourt Energy Efficiency Center, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA;1. Institute of Technology, Pedagogical University of Cracow, Podchor??ych 2, 30 084 Kraków, Poland;2. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30 059 Kraków, Poland;3. Mössbauer Spectroscopy Division, Institute of Physics, Pedagogical University, Podchor??ych 2, 30 084 Kraków, Poland;1. Energy Centre, Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, The University of Auckland, New Zealand;2. SMART Infrastructure Facility, University of Wollongong, Australia;3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand;1. School of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Environment & Natural Resources, University of Iceland, Iceland;2. Department of Civil Engineering, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand;3. School of Science and Engineering, Reykjavik University, Iceland;1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea;2. National Fusion Research Institute, 169-148-gil Kwahak-ro, Yusong-gu, Daejon 34133, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Chemical Engineering and Graduate School of Engineering Mastership, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | A multi-regional integrated energy systems model is developed to assess the economic impact of hydrogen fuel cell, hydrogen internal combustion, and battery electric technologies on the economy of New Zealand. Base case results suggest that a hydrogen fuel dominant vehicle fleet offers economic savings over a conventional fleet but requires the largest sequestration capacity as 75% of hydrogen fuel production is derived from fossil fuel. When the oil price is varied from US$120 to US$240 per barrel in 2030, and the carbon tax varied from US$30 to US$90 per tonne of CO2 equivalent, the change in savings ranges from ?65% to +25%. |
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