Environmental impact assessment of non-wood based pulp production by soda-anthraquinone pulping process |
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| Authors: | Sara González-García M Teresa Moreira Gerardo Artal Lluis Maldonado Gumersindo Feijoo |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;2. Celulosas de Levante SA (CELESA), Ctra. C-237, km 4.5, E-43500, Tortosa, Spain;1. University of Hamburg, Chemical Wood Technology, Leuschnerstr. 91 b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany;2. Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstr. 91 b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany;1. Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt;3. Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA;4. Forestry and Wood Technology Department, Horticulture Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt;1. Department of Energy, Building, and Environment, Mälardalen University, Sweden;2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Sweden;3. School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, NUST, Pakistan;4. Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia;5. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, ECUST, China;6. Systems Power and Energy, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, UK;7. Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Sindh, Pakistan;8. Department of Engineering and Chemical Sciences, Karlstad University, Sweden;1. School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, No.35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-industry, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;3. Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;4. School of Management Science and Engineering, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing 102206, China;1. PT. Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper Tbk. Perawang Mill, Indonesia;2. Pulp and Paper Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand;3. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Paper pulp manufacturing is the main non-food industrial utilization of plant biomass. Non-wood and agricultural residues are potential raw materials in the production of specialty papers. This chapter aims to quantify the environmental impacts associated with non-wood high quality paper pulp manufacture via soda-anthraquinone (AQ) cooking process by means of the application of LCA methodology in a cradle-to-gate analysis. Hemp (Cannabis sativa) and Flax (Linum usitatissimum) were evaluated as raw materials for the production of high quality non-porous pulp. A specialty paper pulp mill was analysed in detail and process chain was divided in six subsystems: agricultural activities, chemicals production, electricity production, transport, pulp production and waste treatment. Inventory data came from interviews and surveys (on-site measurements). When necessary, the data were completed with bibliographic resources.Abiotic resources depletion (AD), global warming (GW), ozone layer depletion (OLD), human toxicity (HT), ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant formation (POF), acidification (A) and eutrophication (E) were the impact categories analysed in this study. According to the results, the environmental impact is mainly caused by the production of chemicals, electricity and fibres (agricultural activities) due to greenhouse gases emissions, phosphorous and nitrogen compounds emissions. The activities inside the pulp mill present minor contribution to almost all impact categories, excluding GW (15%) and E (6%) as well as OLD (25%). This study provides useful information for non-wood based industries related not only to pulp manufacture but also to panels or biorefineries with the aim of increasing their sustainability. |
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