蔬菜水果中的新烟碱类农药残留量与人群摄食暴露健康风险评价

新烟碱类农药是目前被广泛用于农业中的一类作用独特、高效广谱的内吸性杀虫剂,它们在蔬菜水果中的残留对人体健康构成威胁。本研究目的是查明北京市场上蔬菜水果中不同新烟碱类农药的残留量,并对人群摄食暴露健康风险进行评估。从北京市场上采集49种蔬菜和24种水果,采用Qu ECh ERS–高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法测定蔬菜水果中9种新烟碱类农药的含量。利用测得数据和中国居民膳食结构调查资料,采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法计算了不同年龄段人群的日均经口摄入暴露量的概率分布,并采用商值法计算了新烟碱类农药的非致癌风险。结果显示新烟碱类农药普遍存在于北京市场上的蔬菜水果中。49种蔬菜样品中检出7种新烟碱类农药,其中吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪检出率均达100%,噻虫胺、烯啶虫胺、噻虫啉和呋虫胺的检出率分别为47%、14%、10%和4%。24种水果样品中检出5种新烟碱类农药,其中吡虫啉和啶虫脒的检出率均达100%,噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和噻虫啉的检出率分别为54%、13%和4%。不同新烟碱类农药在蔬菜水果中的含量范围为0.01 ng·g~(-1)~126 ng·g~(-1),均未超过我国食品安全国家标准或美国联邦管理条例中的限量值。小部分(约3%)人群因摄食蔬菜水果暴露于新烟碱类农药的非致癌风险商值大于0.1。新烟碱类农药在蔬菜水果中普遍存在,对人体健康有潜在的风险。

Residues of Neonicotinoid Pesticides in Vegetables and Fruit and Health Risk Assessment of Human Exposure via Food Intake

Neonicotinoid pesticides are currently widely used in agriculture as a class of systemic insecticides with unique function, high efficiency and broad spectrum. Their residues in vegetables and fruit pose a threat to human health. The purposes of this study are to investigate the concentrations of neonicotinoid pesticides in vegetables and fruit in Beijing market and to assess the health risk of neonicotinoid pesticides via dietary intake. From the Beijing market, 49 kinds of vegetables and 24 kinds of fruit were collected. QuEChERS and HPLC-MS/MS were adopted to analyze the concentrations of nine neonicotinoid pesticides in the collected samples. Using the measured data and the dietary structure of Chinese population, the probability distribution of daily oral intake exposure in different age groups was calculated by the Monte Carlo simulation method, and the non-carcinogenic risk of neonicotinoid pesticides was calculated by the hazard quotient method. The results showed that neonicotinoid pesticdes were ubiquitously presented in vegetables and fruit in Beijing market. Seven kinds of neonicotinoid pesticides were detected in the 49 vegetable samples; among them the detection rates of imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam were all 100%, and the detection rates of clothianidin, nitenpyram, thiacloprid and dinotefuran were 47%,14%,10% and 4%, respectively. Five kinds of neonicotinoid pesticides were detected in the 24 fruit samples; among them the detection rates of imidacloprid and acetamiprid were all 100%, and the detection limits of thiamethoxam, clothianidin and thiacloprid were 54%,13% and 4%. The concentrations of various neonicotinoid pesticides in vegetables and fruit ranged from 0.01 ng?g^-1 to 126 ng?g^-1, not exceeding the national standards in China''s food safety or the tolerances for residues in food in the United States federal regulations. For a small portion (about 3%) of the population, the calculated non-carcinogenic risk of neonicotinoid pesticides due to food intake of vegetables and fruits was greater than 0.1. The ubiquitous presence of neonicotinoid pesticides in vegetables and fruit has potential risk to human health.