Cost effective waste management through composting in Africa |
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| Authors: | R Couth C Trois |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory for Management, Treatment and Value of Waste (GTVD), University of Lomé, BP 1515 Lomé, Togo;2. Groupement de Recherche Eau Sol Environnement, Université de Limoges, ENSIL, 16 rue Atlantis, Parc ESTER Technopôle, 87068 Limoges Cedex, France;1. Institute of Waste Management, Department of Water-Atmosphere-Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria;2. Department of Environmental Meteorology, Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria;1. Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region’s Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400 045, PR China;2. State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China;3. Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 8190395, Japan;1. Department of Bio System Engineering, University of Tabriz, 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran;2. Energy Division, Materials and Energy Research Center, 3177983634, Karaj, Iran;3. PhD Candidate, Hamedan Azad University, Hamedan, Iran;1. College of Resources and Environmental Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. Bangor University, Deiniol Rd., Bangor, UK;3. School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;4. Beijing VOTO Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing 100193, China |
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| Abstract: | Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per person from urban waste management activities are greater in sub-Saharan African countries than in other developing countries, and are increasing as the population becomes more urbanised. Waste from urban areas across Africa is essentially dumped on the ground and there is little control over the resulting gas emissions. The clean development mechanism (CDM), from the 1997 Kyoto Protocol has been the vehicle to initiate projects to control GHG emissions in Africa. However, very few of these projects have been implemented and properly registered. A much more efficient and cost effective way to control GHG emissions from waste is to stabilise the waste via composting and to use the composted material as a soil improver/organic fertiliser or as a component of growing media. Compost can be produced by open windrow or in-vessel composting plants. This paper shows that passively aerated open windrows constitute an appropriate low-cost option for African countries. However, to provide an usable compost material it is recommended that waste is processed through a materials recovery facility (MRF) before being composted. The paper demonstrates that material and biological treatment (MBT) are viable in Africa where they are funded, e.g. CDM. However, they are unlikely to be instigated unless there is a replacement to the Kyoto Protocol, which ceases for Registration in December 2012. |
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