Small but smart: the interaction between environmental cues and internal state modulates host-patch exploitation in a parasitic wasp |
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Authors: | Patrice Lucchetta Emmanuel Desouhant Eric Wajnberg Carlos Bernstein |
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Institution: | (1) Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69003, France;(2) Université Lyon 1, Lyon, 69003, France;(3) UMR 5558 Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS, Villeurbanne, 69622, France;(4) I.N.R.A., 400 Route des Chappes, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, Cedex, France |
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Abstract: | The reproductive success of insect parasitoids depends on two activities, searching for hosts to obtain immediate fitness
rewards (offspring) and searching for food to extend life span and enhance future reproductive opportunities. Models suggest
that to deal with this trade-off and to cope with the variability of the resources they depend on, parasitoids should simultaneously
integrate information originating from three distinct sources: host and food availabilities in the environment (environmental
information) and the metabolic reserves of the parasitoid (internal information). We tested whether, in the parasitic wasp
Venturia canescens, these three types of information are perceived simultaneously and interact during host-patch exploitation. Experiments were
performed with strains originating from two different geographical locations and with individuals of the two reproductive
modes, arrhenotoky and thelytoky. We hypothesised that there would be differences between modes of reproduction as they thrive
in different ecological conditions. Our results show that metabolic state, food availability and the number of ovipositions
performed simultaneously modulate patch residence time in V. canescens of both populations and reproductive modes. Unfed wasps left their host patch earlier than fed ones. The tendency to leave
the patch increased with an increasing probability of finding food. Our study confirms that globally, each oviposition increases
the patch-leaving tendency (decremental mechanism). This effect was modulated by both the metabolic reserves and food availability,
and the relationship depended on the geographic origin of populations. Individuals of one of the populations switched from
a decremental to an incremental patch-leaving mechanism depending on the presence or absence of food in the vicinity. Differences
between reproductive modes in the responses to environmental cues can be explained by the different ecological conditions
they live in. |
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Keywords: | Cognitive ecology Patch residence time Food and host searching Parasitoids Venturia canescens |
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