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Alarming decline of freshwater trigger species in western Mediterranean key biodiversity areas
Authors:Joana Garrido Nogueira  Ronaldo Sousa  Hassan Benaissa  Geert De Knijf  Sónia Ferreira  Mohamed Ghamizi  Duarte V. Gonçalves  Richard Lansdown  Catherine Numa  Vincent Prié  Nicoletta Riccardi  Mary Seddon  Maria Urbańska  Alice Valentini  Ilya Vikhrev  Simone Varandas  Amílcar Teixeira  Manuel Lopes-Lima
Affiliation:1. CIBIO/InBIO – Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal;2. CBMA – Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal;3. Université Cadi Ayyad, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Marrakech, Laboratoire Eau, Biodiversité et Changement Climatique, Marrakech, Morocco;4. Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium;5. IUCN SSC Freshwater Plant Specialist Group, Stroud, UK;6. IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Malaga, Spain;7. Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council (CNR), Verbania, Italy;8. IUCN SSC Molluscs Specialist Group, Devon, UK;9. Department of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland;10. SPYGEN, Savoie Technolac, Le Bourget-du-Lac, France;11. Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Arkhangelsk, Russia;12. CITAB-UTAD – Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Forestry Department, Vila Real, Portugal;13. Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
Abstract:Theidentification of key biodiversity areas (KBA) was initiated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2004 to overcome taxonomic biases in the selection of important areas for conservation, including freshwater ecosystems. Since then, several KBAs have been identified mainly based on the presence of trigger species (i.e., species that trigger either the vulnerability and or the irreplaceability criterion and thus identify a site as a KBA). However, to our knowledge, many of these KBAs have not been validated. Therefore, classical surveys of the taxa used to identify freshwater KBAs (fishes, molluscs, odonates, and aquatic plants) were conducted in Douro (Iberian Peninsula) and Sebou (Morocco) River basins in the Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot. Environmental DNA analyses were undertaken in the Moroccan KBAs. There was a mismatch between the supposed and actual presence of trigger species. None of the trigger species were found in 43% and 50% of all KBAs surveyed in the Douro and Sebou basins, respectively. Shortcomings of freshwater KBA identification relate to flawed or lack of distribution data for trigger species. This situation results from a misleading initial identification of KBAs based on poor (or even inaccurate) ecological information or due to increased human disturbance between initial KBA identification and the present. To improve identification of future freshwater KBAs, we suggest selecting trigger species with a more conservative approach; use of local expert knowledge and digital data (to assess habitat quality, species distribution, and potential threats); consideration of the subcatchment when delineating KBAs boundaries; thoughtful consideration of terrestrial special areas for conservation limits; and periodic field validation.
Keywords:focal areas  Iberia  Morocco  protected areas  trigger species  área focal  áreas protegidas  especie desencadenante  Iberia  Marruecos
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