国际河流整体开发和管理及两大理论依据

概括了国际河流开发和管理特征、存在的主要问题和“流域整体开发和管理”的演进过程 ,分析了系统理论和可持续发展理论的具体体现 ,提出国际河流整体开发和管理主要体现在以下三个方面内容 :(1)强调区域之间的联系 ,要求从全流域的角度 ,而不是仅仅从国家的角度来进行开发和管理。在资源开发和管理中兼顾各流域国的目标 ,体现公平合理性 ,要求一国的开发利用对其它流域国不造成重大损害 ;要求各流域国加强合作。 (2 )强调流域内各要素的相关性 ,要求资源的开发和管理中考虑相关资源的利用问题 ,如与水资源相关的土地资源利用问题 ,以及国家之间的制度协调等社会人文因素。 (3)要求考虑河道生态系统的可持续性 ,维护流域的可持续发展。

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF INTERNATIONAL RIVERS

This paper studied the characteristics and main problems concerning the development and management of international rivers, as well as the evolutionary process of such activities.The system theory and sustainable development theory are embodied and integrated in the present study. The integrated development and management should focus on the following three aspects: 1) Emphasis of inter relationships among concerned regions. Instead of a single country, the watershed area as a whole is the starting point of such consideration. In the process of resource exploitation and management, the interests and objectives of all related countries should be taken into account; equity should be emphasized and cooperation be strengthened to avoid great damage to one country caused by the resource utilization of another country, which is likely to occur among countries sharing the same watershed area; 2) Emphasis of the interactions of all factors within the watershed area. When one kind of resource is to be exploited, other related resources, such as land resources ,or human factors such as institution elements of different countries should be considered at the same time. 3) In order to achieve the sustainable development of the watershed area, the sustainability of the aquo ecosystem should be fully considered in the development process.