Modelling spatial patterns of correlations between concentrations of heavy metals in mosses and atmospheric deposition in 2010 across Europe |
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| Authors: | Stefan Nickel Winfried Schröder Roman Schmalfuss Maike Saathoff Harry Harmens Gina Mills Marina V Frontasyeva Lambe Barandovski Oleg Blum Alejo Carballeira Ludwig de Temmerman Anatoly M Dunaev Antoaneta Ene Hilde Fagerli Barbara Godzik Ilia Ilyin Sander Jonkers Zvonka Jeran Pranvera Lazo Sebastien Leblond Siiri Liiv Blanka Mankovska Encarnación Núñez-Olivera Juha Piispanen Jarmo Poikolainen Ion V Popescu Flora Qarri Jesus Miguel Santamaria Martijn Schaap Mitja Skudnik Zdravko ?piri? Trajce Stafilov Eiliv Steinnes Claudia Stihi Ivan Suchara Hilde Thelle Uggerud Harald G Zechmeister |
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| Institution: | 1.Chair of Landscape Ecology,University of Vechta,Vechta,Germany;2.ICP Vegetation Programme Coordination Centre,Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,Bangor,UK;3.Moss Survey Coordination Centre, Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics,Dubna,Russian Federation;4.Ss. Cyril and Methodius University,Skopje,Macedonia;5.National Botanical Garden, Academy of Science of Ukraine,Kiev,Ukraine;6.University of Santiago de Compostela,Santiago de Compostela,Spain;7.Sciensano,Tervuren,Belgium;8.Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology,Ivanovo,Russia;9.Dunarea de Jos University of Galati,Galati,Romania;10.Norwegian Meteorological Institute,Oslo,Norway;11.W. Szafer Institute of Botany,Polish Academy of Sciences,Kraków,Poland;12.Meteorological Synthesizing Centre East,Moscow,Russia;13.TNO,Utrecht,The Netherlands;14.Jo?ef Stefan Institute,Ljubljana,Slovenia;15.University of Tirana,Tirana,Albania;16.National Museum of Natural History,Paris,France;17.Tallinn Botanic Garden,Tallinn,Estonia;18.Institute of Landscape Ecology,Slovak Academy of Sciences,Bratislava,Slovak Republic;19.University of La Rioja,Logro?o,Spain;20.Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke),Oulu,Finland;21.Valahia University of Targoviste,Targoviste,Romania;22.University of Vlora,Vlor?,Albania;23.University of Navarra,Navarra,Spain;24.Slovenian Forestry Institute,Ljubljana,Slovenia;25.Green Infrastructure Ltd.,Zagreb,Croatia;26.Norwegian University of Science and Technology,Trondheim,Norway;27.Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening,Pr?honice,Czech Republic;28.Norwegian Institute for Air Research,Kjeller,Norway;29.University of Vienna,Vienna,Austria |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundThis paper aims to investigate the correlations between the concentrations of nine heavy metals in moss and atmospheric deposition within ecological land classes covering Europe. Additionally, it is examined to what extent the statistical relations are affected by the land use around the moss sampling sites. Based on moss data collected in 2010/2011 throughout Europe and data on total atmospheric deposition modelled by two chemical transport models (EMEP MSC-E, LOTOS-EUROS), correlation coefficients between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were specified for spatial subsamples defined by ecological land classes of Europe (ELCE) as a spatial reference system. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and logistic regression (LR) were then used to separate moss sampling sites regarding their contribution to the strength of correlation considering the areal percentage of urban, agricultural and forestry land use around the sampling location. After verification LDA models by LR, LDA models were used to transform spatial information on the land use to maps of potential correlation levels, applicable for future network planning in the European Moss Survey.ResultsCorrelations between concentrations of heavy metals in moss and in modelled atmospheric deposition were found to be specific for elements and ELCE units. Land use around the sampling sites mainly influences the correlation level. Small radiuses around the sampling sites examined (5 km) are more relevant for Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn, while the areal percentage of urban and agricultural land use within large radiuses (75–100 km) is more relevant for As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and V. Most valid LDA models pattern with error rates of <?40% were found for As, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and V. Land use-dependent predictions of spatial patterns split up Europe into investigation areas revealing potentially high (=?above-average) or low (=?below-average) correlation coefficients.ConclusionsLDA is an eligible method identifying and ranking boundary conditions of correlations between atmospheric deposition and respective concentrations of heavy metals in moss and related mapping considering the influence of the land use around moss sampling sites. |
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