Persistence of C-labeled atrazine and its residues in a field lysimeter soil after 22 years |
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Authors: | Nicolai D Jablonowski Stephan Köppchen Andreas Schäffer |
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Institution: | a Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere, ICG-4 - Agrosphere, 52425 Jülich, Germany b Central Division of Analytical Chemistry (ZCH/BioSpec), 52425 Jülich, Germany c RWTH Aachen University - Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), 52074 Aachen, Germany |
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Abstract: | Twenty-two years after the last application of ring-14C-labeled atrazine at customary rate (1.7 kg ha−1) on an agriculturally used outdoor lysimeter, atrazine is still detectable by means of accelerated solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS analysis. Extractions of the 0-10 cm soil layer yielded 60% of the residual 14C-activity. The extracts contained atrazine (1.0 μg kg−1) and 2-hydroxy-atrazine (42.5 μg kg−1). Extractions of the material of the lowest layer 55-60 cm consisting of fine gravel yielded 93% of residual 14C-activity, of which 3.4 μg kg−1 was detected as atrazine and 17.7 μg kg−1 was 2-hydroxy-atrazine. The detection of atrazine in the lowest layer was of almost four times higher mass than in the upper soil layer. These findings highlight the fact that atrazine is unexpectedly persistent in soil. The overall persistence of atrazine in the environment might represent a potential risk for successive groundwater contamination by leaching even after 22 years of environmental exposure. |
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Keywords: | Atrazine Persistence Leaching Extraction LC-MS/MS Half-life Bound residues |
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