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Heavy metal sources identification and sampling uncertainty analysis in a field-scale vegetable soil of Hangzhou, China |
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| Authors: | Tao Chen Xingmei Liu Keli Zhao Jianming Xu Jiachun Shi Randy A Dahlgren |
| Institution: | a Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropical Soil and Plant Nutrition, Hangzhou 310029, PR China b College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, PR China c Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Nanjing 210008, PR China d Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, 95616 CA, USA |
| Abstract: | At a field-scale (6.7 ha), 100 surface soil samples were collected from a vegetable field to determine total concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni and Zn. To identify possible sources of these metals and characterize their spatial variation, classic statistic and geostatistic techniques were applied. Through correlation and geostatistical analysis, it was found that the primary inputs of Co, Mn and Ni were due to pedogenic sources, whereas the sources of Hg and Cd were mainly due to human activities. Because of their different sources, their variations followed: Hg > Cd ≈ Cu > Zn ≈ Co ≈ Mn ≈ Ni. Based on their relationships with other soil properties, co-kriging was used to minimize sampling density. Sampling numbers for Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co and Ni can be reduced from 100 to 90, 80, 70, 60, 60 and 60, respectively, without losing accuracy relative to ordinary kriging. |
| Keywords: | Heavy metals Source identification Correlation analysis Geostatistics Sampling density |
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