不同施肥模式对华北平原小麦-玉米轮作体系产量及土壤硝态氮的影响

为了探索培育高产粮田的施肥模式，实现氮肥资源的高效利用与环境效益，以华北平原的小麦（Triticum aestivum）-玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作体系作为研究对象，通过2007─2011年4个轮作季，探讨不同的施肥模式对作物产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验以处理A（当地传统管理）作为对照，从测土确定施肥量、按作物生长发育明确施肥时期、合理分配各时期的养分配比及增施有机肥等方面改变传统施肥模式，设置3种高产施肥培育模式，分别为处理B（现有高产田推荐管理）、处理C（高肥料投入管理）和处理D（水肥高效管理），进行田间小区试验。4个轮作季的总产量以处理D为最高，达75430 kg·hm-2，其次是处理C为75166 kg·hm-2，当地传统的产量最低。冬小麦季的吸氮量为处理C和D显著高于A处理，分别高出444.78 kg·hm-2和310.20 kg·hm-2，但与处理B无显著差异；处理D在夏玉米季的吸氮量为776.75 kg·hm-2，显著高于处理A。处理B的氮肥偏生产力值最高为38.21，处理D为36.71，处理A和C均为28.33。各处理经过4个轮作季后，土壤硝态氮均在120-160 cm出现累积峰，A、B、C和D的硝态氮峰值分别为58.65、28.98、105.89、45.29 mg·kg-1。在0-100cm土层，处理B的硝态氮累积量达到144.22 kg·hm-2，显著高于处理A、C、D；所有处理在100-200 cm土层均出现较高的硝态氮累积，处理C高达1021.19 kg·hm-2；0-400 cm的土壤硝态氮累积量分别为724.27、711-92、1324.30、730.70 kg·hm-2。处理A、B、C、D在耕层土壤氮素的表观损失分别为1298.95、653.18、1236.39和718.43 kg·hm-2，处理B、D显著低于处理A、C，D和B间差异不显著。因此，处理D是培育高产的理想施肥模式，合理的施肥量、科学的施肥时期以及有机无机的合理配比是达到高产、提高肥效和环境友好的关键。

Effects of Different Fertilization Pattern on the Yield of the Rotation System of Wheat and Maize and Soil Nitrate Accumulation in North China Plain

In order to explore the fertilization modes of cultivating the high yield grain field, and realize the efficient utilization and environmental benefit of nitrogen fertilizer resources, the study was conducted with the rotation system of wheat and maize as the research objects in North China Plain to investigate the effects of different fertilization models on crop yield and soil nitrate accumulation through four rotations from 2007 to 2011- The experiment changed the local traditional fertilization model marked as treatment A （as the control treatment） from confirming the fertilizer amount by soil testing, clearing the fertilization period by crop growing, rational distributing the nutrient ratios in crop growing periods and increasing organic fertilization; set up three kinds of high yield and fertilizer cultivation mode, respectively with treatment B （existing high yield field recommended management）, treatment C （high fertilizer input management）, treatment D （water and fertilizer efficient management） for a field experiment. The yield of D was the best in four crop rotations, which was 75 430 kg·hm-2, the second was treatment C, 75 166 kg·hm-2, local traditional management was the minimum. The N uptake of wheat in treatment C and D was significantly higher than that in A treatment, which were increased 444.78 kg·hm-2 and 310.20 kg·hm-2 separately, but had no significant difference with treatment B;The N uptake of maize in treatment D was 776.75 kg·hm-2, significantly higher than that in treatment A. The PFPN of B was up to 38.21 mg·kg-1, D was 36.71 mg·kg-1, A and C both were 28.33 mg·kg-1. After four crop rotations, the accumulation peaks of soil nitrate nitrogen in each treatment were all in 120-160 cm soil layers , the accumulation value of mode A, B, C and D were 58.65 mg·kg-1, 28.98 mg·kg-1, 105.89 mg·kg-1 and 45.29 mg·kg-1 respectively. In 0-100 cm soil layers, the nitrate N accumulation value in mode B was to 144.22 kg·hm-2 significantly higher than that in treatments A, C