城镇化进程中的农民生活用水研究

目前，我国有关农村居民生活用水的系统研究相当缺乏。对地处上海市浦东快速城市化区域的8个村庄进行随机入户调查。在对调查数据进行整理和统计分析的基础上，系统研究当地农民的生活用水行为和影响因素。研究表明：（1）被访农民普遍认为自来水价格过高。家庭收入水平是决定被访农民对水价态度的主要影响因素。（2）自来水价格主要对农户的洗衣行为产生显著影响。认为自来水价格高的农户更倾向于用井水洗衣。（3）影响农户自来水用水量的显著变量包括：农户家庭常住人口、自来水价格、洗衣水源和洗澡方式。（4）被访农民普遍具有节水意识，但大都局限于“节约使用自来水，减少自来水水费”这个层面。提高农民的水污染控制和水资源保护意识，正确引导其井水抽取和生活污水排放行为，促进农村污水收集和治理项目的普及和正常运行，以及完善地下水资源的保护和管理机制是现阶段当地保障农村生活用水安全的工作重点

RURAL DOMESTIC WATER USE UNDER URBANIZATION:A CASE STUDY OF THE PUDONG DISTRICT OF SHANGHAI

With the progress of rural development and the improvement of farmers’ living standards，there is significant change in the patterns of rural water use in many regions of China.Nevertheless,studies of domestic water use have been focused on urban areas so far.There is a lack of systematic study of rural domestic water use in China.In this study,a random in house survey has been conducted in 8 villages located in the Pudong District of Shanghai that is going through rapid urbanization.The survey includes three components:(1) the characteristics of the interviewed farmers such as age,education,water bill,household income;(2) the interviewed farmers’ domestic water use behaviors such as cooking,bathing,and clothes washing; and (3) the interviewed farmer’s attitudes towards water price,water pollution,water conservation and current conservation practice.Based on the survey results,statistical analysis is used to analyze the farmers’ domestic water use behaviors and significant influencing factors.All of the interviewed farmers have connections to tap water at home.The villages can be classified into two categories based on their tap water price: 5 villages with a higher tap water price of around 2.8 RMB per ton and 3 villages with a lower tap water price of around 16 RMB per ton.The interviewed households’ monthly water bills range from 5 to 70 RMB,with an average of 24.5 RMB.About 78% of the households have a water bill of less than 30 RMB.Study results are as follows.(1) The majority of the surveyed farmers consider the current price of tap water is expensive.Their attitudes towards water price are not significantly influenced by the interviewer’s age,education level,and water price itself,but significantly influenced by their household income.(2) The price of tap water has significantly affected the farmers’ choice of water source for washing clothes.Farmers who consider tap water expensive tend to use groundwater for washing clothes.(3) The identified significant variables influencing the amount of rural domestic water use include household size,tap water price,source of water for washing clothes,and the ways of bathing.The developed stepwise multiple regression model could explain 41% of the variance in monthly tap water usage.(4) The majority of the surveyed farmers acknowledge the importance of water conservation.However,they tend to limit water conservation to “reducing the amount of tap water use so as to cut water bills.” Many farmers considered the more use of groundwater as their major way of water conservation.The free availability of groundwater seems to lead to the widespread practice of water waste.The study results have suggested that more work is needed to ensure the safety of rural domestic water use in the study region,which includes (1) educating farmers to enhance their awareness of water pollution control and water resource protection;(2) guiding farmers’ groundwater use and sewage discharge activities to reduce waste and indiscriminate discharge;(3) establishing rural sewage collection and discharge programs and ensuring its proper operation;(4) establishing groundwater protection and management programs to ensure the sustainability of groundwater resources and the protection of groundwater quality