Acoustic communication in phaneropterid bushcrickets: species-specific delay of female stridulatory response and matching male sensory time window

Summary The stridulatory sounds and movements produced by the females of various bushcricket species (Tettigonoidea: Phaneropteridae: Barbitistini) are compared with those of the males. Behavioral experiments are carried out to determine the significance of the female sounds in acoustic communication. Selection factors involved in the evolution of female stridulation are discussed. The morphological apparatus for sound production has evolved independently in males and females. Whereas males rub a toothed file on the underside of the left wing over the inner edge of the right wing, the plectrum, the females stridulate by rubbing a thickened vein on the underside of the left wing over modified spines on the upper surface of the right wing (Fig. 2). Similarly, the movements responsible for sound production are not homologous in males and females. In the male the audible closing movement is always preceded by wing opening, whereas the female in general initiates the closing movement when the wings are in the resting slightly opened position, and abruptly produces complete closure (Fig. 3, 4 and 5). The female responds to male singing by emitting one to several highly damped sound pulses each lasting less than one ms. The interval between the song of a conspecific male and this response is a very precise species-specific characteristic (Fig. 7). In species with male songs that are complicated in structure or continuous, the females respond only at specific time-after patticular markers in the song of the male. The time interval between male song and female response is an important criterion by which the male identifies conspecific female song (Fig. 8). Because the response delay of the female and corresponding neuronal time window in the male are distinct they may be important in species discrimination.