Heavy contamination of a subsurface aquifer and a stream by livestock wastewater in a stock farming area, Wonju, Korea

A survey of groundwater and stream water quality was undertaken in a stock farming area where livestock wastewater infiltrates into sandy unsaturated zones and saturated bedrock aquifers containing fractures. To determine the degree of contamination and track the effect of livestock wastewater on groundwater and stream water quality, the population of indicator bacteria (total coliforms, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Staphylococcus spp., and sulfite-reducing clostridia) together with relevant physicochemical parameters were monitored along the wastewater flow-pathways over a 19-month period. The stream water was severely contaminated with livestock wastewater. Nearly all physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in the stream water were much greater than those in the groundwater. Nitrate-N concentrations ranged from 10.0 to 20.0 mg l(-1) in boreholes located downstream (site C) from the livestock waste disposal site, while those in the background borehole (W2) were below 1.0 mg l(-1). Densities of indicator bacteria in boreholes at site C were two or three orders of magnitude higher than those in W2 borehole. In boreholes located downstream from the livestock waste disposal site, the concentration of ammonium-N, nitrate-N, and pollution indicator bacteria increased as groundwater level rose due to infiltration of rainwater. In W2 borehole, however, physicochemical parameters and the number of pollution indicator bacteria had no correlation with the groundwater level. Collectively, these results suggest that the deep aquifers were heavily contaminated with infiltrated livestock wastewater, which consequently must be adequately treated to minimize groundwater pollution.