沿海滩涂围垦生态补偿标准构建——基于能值拓展模型衡量的生态外溢价值

论文综合利用能值分析法、生态足迹法等生态经济学方法,结合Shannon-Wiener指数和生态消费系数构建了沿海滩涂围垦生态补偿能值拓展模型以测算滩涂在各时期的生态外溢价值,并以生态外溢价值改变量作为滩涂围垦生态损害的衡量标准,且以此为生态补偿依据,在生态价值系数调整法的基础上建立了沿海滩涂围垦生态补偿标准。最后以杭州湾新区为例,测算了该区域滩涂围垦过程中各年份生态补偿标准,结果显示,2000—2015年,该区域生态补偿标准从2000年0美元/m²平缓递增到2015年0.05美元/m²。此研究表明,能值拓展模型能有效弥补传统的基于生态服务价值模型的一些不足,使评估标准相对客观化,评估结果动态化和体现对补偿主客体双方意愿的尊重。

Construction of Ecological Compensation Standard for Tidal Flat Reclamation —Based on the Spillover Ecological Value Measured by Expansion Emergy Synthesis Model

While tidal flat reclamation brings huge economic benefits to the coastal provinces and cities, it has a significant negative impact on the coastal environment evolvement. The study of the ecological compensation mechanism for tidal flat reclamation has become an urgent strategic task for the protection of the ecological environment of coastal areas in China, and the compensation standard, which is the key to the success of implementing ecological compensation policies and achieving the desired effect, is of great practical significance. The present studies of ecological compensation standard tend to be based on the ecological service value which often leads to inconsistent evaluation standards, double counting and static evaluation result.
Based on the notion of “equivalence between the damage and compensation of ecosystem service” put forward by HAE, we took the spillover ecological value increment as the theoretical criteria of the ecological compensation standard for tidal flat reclamation. An ecological compensation model for tidal flat reclamation was established to quantify the spillover ecological value in different periods on the basis of methods in ecological economics, such as emergy analysis, ecological footprint, Shannon-Wiener index and ecological consumption coefficient. The loss of the spillover ecological value was taken as the criteria to measure the damage brought about by tidal flat reclamation, and consequently to provide the reference for the ecological compensation. An ecological compensation standard was consequently established for tidal flat reclamation based on ecological value coefficient adjustment.
Finally Hangzhou Bay was chosen for a case study. The results showed that the spillover ecological value of Hangzhou Bay in 2000, 2004, 2009, 2015 was 2.40×10¹⁹, 1.20×10¹⁹, 0.00, -0.21×10¹⁹ seJ respectively, the corresponding spillover ecological increments being 0.00, 1.29×10¹⁹, 2.18×10¹⁹, 2.62×10¹⁹ seJ, and the ecological compensation standard for the tidal flat reclamation in Hangzhou Bay rose from 0 in 2000 to 0.15 dollar per square meter in 2015. This study shows that expansion emergy synthesis model can effectively avoid some defects of traditional methods based on ecological service value. It ensures a relatively objective evaluation standard (a unified standard), a dynamic evaluation result, and the respect for the will of both parties involved in the compensation. It can provide some reference for further study of the implementation of ecological compensation, the management and sustainable development concerning tidal flat reclamation.