东北典型黑土区讷谟尔河流域土地利用变化对沟蚀影响研究

论文以东北典型黑土区中的黑龙江省讷谟尔河流域作为研究区,以1965年的Corona 和2005年的SPOT5影像做为数据源,获取研究区1965和2005年的侵蚀沟分布数据;以地形图、Landsat/MSS影像和TM影像作为数据源,获取1954、1975、1995和2005年的土地利用数据,据此就研究区沟蚀动态和土地利用变化对沟蚀发展的影响进行分析。结果表明：40 a间侵蚀沟密度>250 m/km²的区域由1965年的0 km²增加到4 077.17 km²,占总侵蚀区面积的37.57%;侵蚀沟密度以北东—南西向为轴线从剧烈增加区逐渐过渡到微度增加区;耕地上沟蚀状况最严重,草地和沼泽地次之,林地侵蚀沟密度较小;耕地和草地之间的互相转换,侵蚀沟密度增加最大,分别为600.60和456.08 m/km²;其次是林地转变为耕地,侵蚀沟密度增加346.91 m/km²;各沟蚀变化区耕地的增加比例在29.21%~46.54%之间,草地减少的比例在27.10%~41.50%之间,沼泽地减少的比例在5.86%~12.50%之间。

Effect of Land Use Change on Gully Erosion in Nemoer River Basin of Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important grain-producing areas in China. However, increasingly severe gully erosion has destroyed much farmland and reduced grain production. In this paper, the typical black soil region of Northeast China which locates in the Nemoer River Basin was chosen as the study area. Based on Corona imagery in 1965 and SPOT 5 imagery in 2005, the distributions of gullies in 1965 and 2005 were obtained; based on relief maps in 1954, MSS imagery in 1975 and TM imagery in 1995 and 2005, the land use data were obtained in different years; then the effect of land use change on gully erosion was analyzed. The results revealed that the area of regions where gully density was greater than 250 m/km² increased from 0 km² in 1965 to 4 077.17 km² in 2005, which accounted for 37.57% of the total eroded area. From northeast to southwest of the region, the increase of gully density changed from dramatic increase to slight increase. Gully erosion on the cultivated land was the most serious, and on the grassland and marsh was the secondary, while on the forest land was the most slight. The gully density increased the most during the interchange between cultivated land and grassland, which was 600.60 m/km² and 456.08 m/km², respectively. The gully density increased 346.91 m/km² during the conversion of the forest to cultivated land. The increase proportion of cultivated land in different gully erosion zones was 29.21%-46.54%. However, the area of grassland and marsh decreased in different gully erosion zones that the proportions of decrease ranged between 27.10%-41.50% and 5.86%-12.50%, respectively.