关中城市群生态足迹演变趋势及公平性评价

自然资本与人造资本的分配公平与配置效率是可持续共享区域生态资源的保证。论文在测算2005—2014年关中城市群生态足迹的基础上,以生态足迹、生态承载力、GDP分别表征区域内自然资本需求、自然资本收益、人造资本收益,采用基尼系数、时空分析指标、生态承载系数、经济贡献系数分析区域资源分配公平与配置效率的程度。结果显示,2005—2014年,关中城市群生态承载基尼系数、经济贡献基尼系数、综合基尼系数分别置于 0.18, 0.20]、0.24, 0.29]、0.23, 0.28]区间。同时,结果表明,关中城市群GDP上升趋势显著快于生态足迹,生态要素匹配较好,其中,咸阳市、宝鸡市、铜川市属相对“高生态承载贡献、低经济贡献”城市,西安市、杨凌示范区属相对“高经济贡献、低生态承载贡献”城市。

Evolution Trend and Fairness Evaluation of Ecological Footprint in Guanzhong City Group

The fairness degree of distribution and allocative efficiency of natural capital and human-made capital are the guarantee for sustainable sharing of regional ecological resources. Based on calculating ecological footprint in Guanzhong City Group from 2005 to 2014, this paper adopted ecological footprint, ecological carrying capacity and GDP to represent the regional demand of natural capital use, natural capital gains and human-made capital gains. The regional fairness degree of distribution and the allocative efficiency of resources were analyzed by Gini coefficient, spatial-temporal analysis index, ecological support coefficient (ESC) and economy contributive coefficient (ECC). The results showed that the per capita ecological footprint increased from 2.056 hm² per capita to 3.201 hm² per capita with an average annual growth rate of 5.04%; the per capita GDP increased from 11 089 yuan per capita to 46 639 yuan per capita with an average annual growth rate of 17.31%; and the per capita ecological carrying capacity changed little in Guanzhong City Group during 2005 to 2014. In the same period, the ecological pressure index (Epi) increased 1.59 times from 4.665 to 7.406 and the ecological footprint for ten thousand yuan GDP decreased from 1.854 hm² per ten thousand yuan to 0.686 hm² per ten thousand yuan with an average annual decline rate of 10.45%. The adjusted ecological pressure elasticity coefficient (E′) showed that the changes of ecological footprint was generally inverse to the changes of ecological carrying capacity, and the ecological footprint for ten thousand yuan GDP elasticity coefficient (G) basically ranged between 0 and 1. The ecological support Gini coefficient, economic contribution Gini coefficient and the comprehensive Gini coefficient were between 0.18, 0.20], 0.24, 0.29], 0.23, 0.28] respectively. The conclusion indicated that the ecological pressure became increasingly prominent and economic contribution increased gradually. That means the increase (decrease) in ecological footprint caused by 1% increase (decrease) of GDP is less than 1%, the scale effect of economic is at an optimal level and the ecological elements match well in Guanzhong City Group. Besides, there is no city in Guanzhong City Group that had both relatively high economic contribution and high ecological support contribution. Tongchuan, Baoji, Xianyang had relatively higher ecological support contribution but lower economic contribution while Xi’an, Yangling were opposite.