沂蒙山区农户生计变迁及其住宅形态的响应研究

以山东省沂水县3个村（核桃园、高桥、唐家庄子）为例,运用参与式农村评估法（PRA）、对比分析法,剖析沂蒙山区农户生计变迁与其住宅形态功能转型的关系,为农村居民点整治中的新村建设提供决策指导。研究结果表明：1）改革开放前,研究区农户以农业生计为主,修建“平房+庭院”形态住宅,利用庭院种植蔬菜;2）改革开放后,农户生计逐渐多样化和非农化。禽畜养殖成为农户重要的生计来源,农户在住宅内搭建猪圈养猪,在庭院内饲养家禽。高桥农户就地发展非农经济,修建两层楼房,将一层的空间用于非农经营;3）21世纪以来,农户生计进一步非农化和分化。核桃园农户以粮食种植和外出务工为主,将庭院硬化晾晒粮食,改造猪圈为储物间储存粮食和农机具;高桥农户为了扩大非农经营空间修（改）建三层楼房,将一二层用于非农经营;唐家庄子农户到县城非农就业,为改善居住环境修建两层楼房,住宅中用于生产的空间消失。可见：农村住宅形态和功能转型是与农户生计方式变迁相适应的,农村居民点整治中新村建设模式应充分考虑农户生计的实际需求。

Livelihood Changes of Famers and the Response of Their Dwelling Forms in Yimeng Mountain

The form and function of rural dwelling are closely related to livelihood strategies of famers. This article takes three villages (Hetaoyuan, Gaoqiao and Tangjiazhuangzi) in Yishui County, Shandong Province as the case studies, and explores livelihood changes of famers and their relationship with the evolution of rural dwelling form and function in Yimeng Mountain with participatory rural appraisal method. The results are shown as follows: 1) Before the reform and opening-up, farming was the main livelihood activity of famers. Being compatible with their demand of livelihood, the farmers built dwellings with bungalows and courtyards, and cultivated vegetables in the courtyards. 2) After the reform and opening-up, livestock breeding became one important livelihood activity of farmers. They built pigsties in their dwellings to raise pigs, and raised poultries in the courtyards. Meanwhile, there were more non-agricultural livelihoods and the livelihoods diversified. Farmers in Gaoqiao Village developed non-agricultural industry in their village. Being compatible with their demand of livelihood, they built two-story houses and used the ground floor for business. 3) Since the 21st century, livelihoods of farmers became more and more non-agricultural and differentiated. Farming and cross-regional non-agricultural employment were the main livelihood strategies in Hetaoyuan Village. Farmers made hard ground of their courtyards for grain drying, and transformed the pigsties to storage room for grain and agricultural implements. In order to expand non-agricultural industry space, farmers in Gaoqiao Village built three-story houses and used the ground floor and second floor for their individual businesses. Most farmers in Tangjiazhuangzi Village went to the county for non-agricultural employment. In order to improve the living environment, they built two-story houses without spaces for business. This paper suggested that the form and function of rural dwelling are adapted to the livelihood of farmers. The government should respect the livelihoods of farmers when building dwellings during the rural residential land consolidation.