日本应对面源污染的法律措施

自1992年农林水产省首次提出“环境保全型农业”的概念以来，日本政府逐渐重视以农业污染为主的面源污染。此后，政府根据面源污染在各个时期的变化情况，把农业生产污染、禽畜养殖业污染、固体废物污染、高速公路和城市生活污染等方面的各种政策、目标和经济措施予以法制化，陆续出台了一系列有利于防治面源污染的法律、法规。这些法规虽然不是防治面源污染的单行性法规，但其内容具有配套性、系统性、可操作性的特点，惩戒措施也具有针对性和层次性的特点，而且经济措施与法律责任并举，客观上对防治面源污染起到了重要作用。借鉴日本的立法经验，我国防治面源污染立法应该进一步完善法律法规，明确管理部门的职责，强化法律责任，通过多种手段引导公民自觉防治面源污染.

LEGAL MEASURES OF NON-POINT POLLUTION IN JAPAN

Since the concept of “Environmental Safety Agriculture” was first proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture，Forestry and Fisheries of Japan，much importance is being attached gradually in Japan to the non point pollution mainly of agricultural pollution.Since then，the Japanese government，in accordance with the changes of non point pollution in various periods，brings into legalization diversified policies，objectives and economic measures on pollutions of agricultural production，poultry raising and solid waste as well as speedway pollution and urban living pollution，and has in succession introduced a series of laws and regulations advantageous to the prevention of non point pollution.These laws and regulations are not specific，but their contents are characterized with compatibility，systematization and maneuverability，and the punitive measures pertinency and hierarchy，together with the combination of economic measures and legal responsibility，which objectively plays a significant role in the prevention of non point pollution.To use for reference the experience of Japan in legislation，in preventing the non point pollution，China should further perfect its laws and regulations，definitude the respective responsibility of the authorities，reinforce the legal responsibility，and induct，through different measures making the citizens to prevent the non point pollution consciously.