Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean Sea: Occurrence and origin |
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| Institution: | 1. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China;1. UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, PO Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands;2. Department of Marine and Fisheries Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 99, Legon, Accra, Ghana;1. Laboratório de Cultivo e Ecotoxicologia, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco 50740-550, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos, Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, 50740-550 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil;3. Unidade Acadêmica Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rodovia Br-101 Sul 5225, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco 54510-000, Brazil;4. Laboratório de Hidrodinâmica Costeira, Departamento de Oceanografi, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Arquitetura, s/n, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-550, Brazil;1. Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;2. Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Humberto Monte, SN-PICI, 60000-000 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil;3. Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil;4. Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America |
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| Abstract: | Marine aerosols were collected using a five-stage cascade impactor during the PHYCEMED II cruise in the Western Mediterranean Sea (October 1983). Their composition in aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs) was analyzed, representing the first time that concentrations of polynuclear aromatic HCs (PAH) are reported in relation to particle size for aerosols of remote marine areas. The HC concentrations were found to be dependent on the origin of the air masses. They were higher for air coming from North European countries than for air originating in the Atlantic and the South of Spain. The concentrations range between 7 and 14 ng m−3for n-alkanes and between 0.2 and 0.4 ng m−3for total PAH. Based on molecular criteria, several sources for these HCs have been identified: continental higher plant waxes, petroleum and pyrolysis (namely coal combustion and vehicular exhausts). Mass medium equivalent diameters (MMED) for the naturally derived n-alkanes are in the 1.79-2.53 μm range, indicating an origin related with the emission of large particles from higher plant waxes or from soil dusts. In contrast, MMED for the anthropogenic HCs, both aliphatic and aromatic, are smaller than the micron, suggesting initial emission of PAH through pyrolytic processes in the vapor phase followed by condensation onto larger sub-μm particles. |
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