Aerosol composition and sources in Urban areas in India |
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| Institution: | 1. Environmental Engineering and Management, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand;2. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany;3. Himalayan Sustainability Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal;4. Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Nepal;5. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Lalitpur, Nepal;6. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India;2. Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India |
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| Abstract: | The elemental composition of aerosols over four cities in India was determined by EDXRF over a 1-year period and the results are presented. The crustal element levels in air in all the cities are found to be similar to those reported for urban areas elsewhere in the world while that of anthropogenic elements are lower. The aerosol compositions show a seasonal variation. The levels of crustal elements are higher during summer and decrease with rainfall. The anthropogenic elements are generally higher during winter. The lead levels are essentially from non-auto exhaust sources such as refuse burning, smelter etc., and in three of the cities they are strongly correlated to zinc. The crustal elements are from local soils and no significant crust-air fractionation is seen. Factor analysis of the data suggests between four and six aerosol source types for the four cities. Soil dust accounts for the major fraction of the measured mass. About 68–80 % of the aerosol mass comprising the residuals seems to consist of C, O2 and N, in particular, which were not measured. |
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