矿物超细颗粒的形成机制、结构特征及其环境行为和效应

矿物超细颗粒在自然环境中普遍存在，具有独特的环境行为和效应，对元素地球化学循环、污染物迁移转化和生态环境演变等有重要影响.矿物超细颗粒的环境行为和效应与其形成过程和结构特征密切相关.综述了物理、化学和生物过程驱动的矿物超细颗粒的形成机制，介绍了用于表征矿物超细颗粒结构特征的显微镜、光谱、质谱和同步辐射技术，分析了矿物超细颗粒在环境中的迁移转化及其与污染物的吸附、氧化还原和催化转化作用，总结了矿物超细颗粒的食物链积累、生物和生态毒性等环境效应，并对颗粒结晶路径、风险管控和微纳界面调控等重要研究方向进行了展望.超细颗粒是连接微观物质与宏观矿物晶体之间的桥梁，全面认识复杂基质中矿物颗粒的环境属性及其与污染物的微观作用机制，有助于指导矿物超细颗粒在环境污染修复中的应用，从而优化功能材料的设计，促进绿色低碳纳米技术的发展.

Formation Mechanism, Structural Characteristics of Ultrafine Mineral Particles, and Their Environmental Effects

Ultrafine mineral particles with unique physical and chemical properties are commonly and widely distributed throughout the environment, affecting the geochemical cycle of elements, environmental fate, migration and transformation of pollutants, and evolution of ecological environments. The environmental behavior and effects of ultrafine mineral particles are closely related to their formation process and structural characteristics. This study reviewed the formation mechanism of ultrafine mineral particles driven by physical, chemical, and biological processes and introduced the microscope, spectrum, mass spectrometry, and synchrotron radiation techniques used to characterize the structure of ultrafine mineral particles （e.g., chemical composition, size, morphology, agglomeration, and crystal facet）. Moreover, the migration, transformation, interactions with pollutants （including adsorption, precipitation, oxidation, reduction, and catalysis）, and environmental effects （e.g., food chain accumulation and biological and ecological toxicity） were also summarized in this review. Finally, the article highlighted key research directions for the future, such as investigating the crystallization path, risk control, and interfacial regulation. Ultrafine particles serve as a bridge that links atoms/molecules to bulk materials. Filling these critical knowledge gaps can be highly beneficial not only for understanding the environmental properties of ultrafine mineral particles and investigating microscopic mechanisms of macroscopic phenomena involving minerals but also for guiding the application of ultrafine mineral particles in environmental remediation. Additionally, such knowledge can aid in optimizing the design of functional materials, promoting the development of green and low-carbon nanotechnology.