湖北省长江三峡地区山水林田湖草生态保护修复实践探索与思考

湖北省长江三峡地区是世界上最大的水电站——三峡大坝所在地,是长江中上游关键节点,是三峡库区水土保持重点生态功能区,生态功能地位极其重要。针对长江三峡地区长江干支流水体部分断面总磷超标、“化工围江”、生态系统功能退化、废弃矿山破坏生态环境、珍稀濒危物种生境遭到破坏、生态保护修复机制不健全等问题,围绕保障“一江清水向东流”的总目标,提出了山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程实施路径。以长江干支流为经脉,以山水林田湖草为有机整体,优化空间布局,将长江三峡地区划分为11个生态保护修复片区,统筹实施重要干支流水环境治理与修复、“化工围江”综合治理与长江岸线生态修复、废弃矿山生态修复、土地综合整治、重要生态系统修复与生物多样性保护、区域生态保护修复体制机制创新六大类任务措施,构建分区分类生态保护修复工程体系,创新跨区域、跨部门的生态修复长效机制,积极探索长江三峡地区生态修复模式,推动区域绿色高质量发展,以期为其他地区生态保护修复提供参考与借鉴。

Practice and thinking about the mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake-grassland ecological conservation and restoration in Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province

Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River in Hubei Province, the location of the largest hydropower station in the world, is a key node in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. It is a key ecological function area of soil and water conservation in Three Gorges Area of China, with significant role of ecological function. In view of the problems such as excessive total phosphorus in some sections of the mainstream and tributaries of the Yangtze River Basin, enclosure of the Yangtze River by chemical industries, degradation of ecosystem functions, destruction of ecological environment by abandoned mines, destruction of habitats of rare and endangered species, and unsound mechanism for ecological protection and rehabilitation, the implementation route of ecological protection and restoration project of mountain-river-forest-farmland-lake-grasses (MRFFLG) was put forward, with the overall goal of ensuring that “one river flows clear water to the east”. By taking the mainstream and tributaries of the Yangtze River as the meridians, and MRFFLG as an organic system, and optimizing the spatial layout, the Three Gorges area was divided into 11 ecological conservation and restoration areas. 6 types of measures were implemented coordinately, including water environment treatment of the basin, comprehensive regulation of chemical industries and ecological restoration of the Yangtze River shoreline, ecological restoration of abandoned mines, comprehensive land rehabilitation, restoration of important ecosystems and biodiversity protection, and regional ecological protection and restoration mechanism innovation. In addition, an ecological restoration engineering system was built based classification and zoning, the cross-regional and cross-department ecological restoration long-term mechanism was innovated, the ecological restoration model of Three Gorges Area of the Yangtze River was actively explored, and the regional green high-quality development in the area was promoted. These practices and experience could provide reference for other regions.