国内突发环境事件特征分析

从突发环境事件的发展趋势、空间分布、污染受体类型、污染因子、污染原因及行业特征6个方面对2011—2017年我国3 203件突发环境事件及其中的突发环境污染事件进行统计与分析。结果表明:2011—2017年,突发环境事件发生次数总体呈下降趋势,一般环境事件是主要事件级别,占比为95.50%;华东地区是突发环境事件的主要发生地,占比为46.99%,上海市累计突发环境事件最多(761次),其次是陕西省(360次)和江苏省(347次);水是突发环境污染事件的主要污染受体,占比为85.59%;工业废水是引发突发环境污染事件的主要污染因子,占比为26.73%;人为因素是造成突发环境污染事件的主要因素,其中企业非法超标排污对突发环境污染事件的贡献率达36.56%;水力的生产和供应业以及化学原料和化学品制造业是突发环境污染事件的多发行业。需完善突发环境事件风险管理体系,加大对工业废水排放的多元监督力度,加强对事故多发行业的管理,以有效防控突发环境污染事件。

Analysis of the characteristics of environmental emergencies in China

The statistics and analysis were made on 3 203 environmental emergencies and their environmental pollution emergencies in China from 2011 to 2017 from six aspects, including the development trend, spatial distribution, receptor types, pollution factors, pollution causes and industrial characteristics. The results showed that from 2011 to 2017, the number of environmental emergencies was on the whole decreasing, and the general environmental events were the main events, accounting for 95.50%. East China was the main site of environmental emergencies, accounting for 46.99%. Shanghai had the largest cumulative number of environmental emergencies (761), followed by Shaanxi Province (360) and Jiangsu Province (347). The water was the main pollution acceptor of environmental pollution emergency events, accounting for 85.59%. The wastewater from industrial enterprises was the main pollution factor causing environmental pollution emergency events, accounting for 26.73%. Human factors were the main factors causing environmental pollution emergency events, among which the contribution rate of illegal pollutant discharge by enterprises reached 36.56%. The production and supply of water power and the manufacturing of chemical raw materials and chemicals were the industries with frequent environmental pollution emergency events. The research showed that it was necessary to improve the risk management system of environmental emergencies, strengthen the diversified supervision of industrial wastewater discharge, and reinforce the management of industries with high accident rate to effectively prevent and control environment pollution emergency events.