Oyster Contamination with Human Noroviruses Impacted by Urban Drainage and Seasonal Flooding in Vietnam |
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| Authors: | Gia Thanh Nguyen Jian Pu Takayuki Miura Hiroaki Ito Shinobu Kazama Yoshimitsu Konta An Van Le Toru Watanabe |
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| Affiliation: | 1.The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences,Iwate University,Morioka,Japan;2.Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine and Pharmacy,Hue University,Hue City,Vietnam;3.Institute for Community Health Research, College of Medicine and Pharmacy,Hue University,Hue City,Vietnam;4.Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design,Toyo University,Tokyo,Japan;5.Department of Environmental Health,National Institute of Public Health,Wako,Japan;6.Center for Water Cycle, Marine Environment and Disaster Management,Kumamoto University,Kumamoto,Japan;7.Center for Simulation Sciences,Ochanomizu University,Tokyo,Japan;8.New Industry Creation Hatchery Center,Tohoku University,Sendai,Japan;9.Department of Microbiology & Carlo Urbani Center, College of Medicine and Pharmacy,Hue University,Hue City,Vietnam;10.Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences,Yamagata University,Tsuruoka,Japan |
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| Abstract: | This study investigated the level of norovirus contamination in oysters collected at a lagoon receiving urban drainage from Hue City for 17 months (August 2015–December 2016). We also investigated the genetic diversity of norovirus GI and GII in oyster and wastewater samples by using pyrosequencing to evaluate the effect of urban drainage on norovirus contamination of oysters. A total of 34 oyster samples were collected at two sampling sites (stations A and B) in a lagoon. Norovirus GI was more frequently detected than GII (positive rate 79 vs. 41%). Maximum concentrations of GI and GII were 2.4 × 105 and 2.3 × 104 copies/g, respectively. Co-contamination with GI and GII was observed in 35% of samples. Norovirus GII concentration was higher at station A in the flood season than in the dry season (P = 0.04, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Six genotypes (GI.2, GI.3, GI.5, GII.2, GII.3, and GII.4) were identified in both wastewater and oyster samples, and genetically similar or identical sequences were obtained from the two types of samples. These observations suggest that urban drainage and seasonal flooding contribute to norovirus contamination of oysters in the study area. |
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