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Degradation and plant uptake of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenol-12-ethoxylate (NP12EO) in four contrasting agricultural soils |
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| Authors: | Sjöström A E Collins C D Smith S R Shaw G |
| Institution: | a Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, London, UK b Department of Soil Science, School of Human and Environmental Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DW, UK c Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK d Division of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK |
| Abstract: | Nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) are surfactants found ubiquitously in the environment due to widespread industrial and domestic use. Biodegradation of NPEOs produces nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disruptor. Sewage sludge application introduces NPEOs and NP into soils, potentially leading to accumulation in soils and crops. We examined degradation of NP and nonylphenol-12-ethoxylate (NP12EO) in four soils. NP12EO degraded rapidly (initial half time 0.3-5 days). Concentrations became undetectable within 70-90 days, with a small increase in NP concentrations after 30 days. NP initially degraded quickly (mean half time 11.5 days), but in three soils a recalcitrant fraction of 26-35% remained: the non-degrading fraction may consist of branched isomers, resistant to biodegradation. Uptake of NP by bean plants was also examined. Mean bioconcentration factors for shoots and seeds were 0.71 and 0.58, respectively. Removal of NP from the soil by plant uptake was negligible (0.01-0.02% of initial NP). Root concentrations were substantially higher than shoot and seed concentrations. |
| Keywords: | Alkyl phenols Degradation Sewage sludge Crop uptake |
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