PM2.5–10, PM2.5 and associated water-soluble inorganic species at a coastal urban site in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro |
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| Institution: | 1. Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;2. Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Epidemiology and Biostatics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA;3. Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany;4. Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA;5. School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis 63104, USA;6. Division of Geriatrics and Nutritional Science, School of Medicine, Washington University-St. Louis, 4921 Parkview Place, St.Louis, MO 63110, USA;7. Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3004, Australia;8. Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka;9. Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia;10. Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population & Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia;11. Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich, German Center for Lung Research, Ziemssenstrasse 1, 80336 Muenchen, Germany;12. Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Stanley Ho Big Data Decision Analytics Research Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese Uni-versity of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China;13. School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;1. Huairou Eco-Environmental Observatory, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;2. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;3. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;4. Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China |
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| Abstract: | The concentrations of PM2.5?10, PM2.5 and associated water-soluble inorganic species (WSIS) were determined in a coastal site of the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, from October 1998 to September 1999 (n=50). Samples were dissolved in water and analyzed for major inorganic ions. The mean (± standard deviation; median) concentrations of PM2.5?10 and PM2.5 were, respectively, 26 (± 16; 21) μg m?3 and 17 (± 13; 14) μg m?3. Their mean concentrations were 1.7–1.8 times higher in dry season (May–October) than in rainy season (November–April). The WSIS comprised, respectively, 34% and 28% of the PM2.5?10 and PM2.5 masses. Chloride, Na+ and Mg2+ were the predominant ions in PM2.5?10, indicating a significant influence of sea-salt aerosols. In PM2.5, SO42? (～97% nss-SO42?) and NH4+ were the most abundant ions and their equivalent concentration ratio (SO42?/NH4+ ～1.0) suggests that they were present as (NH4)2SO4 particles. The mean concentration of (NH4)2SO4 was 3.4 μg m?3. The mean equivalent PM2.5 NO3? concentration was eight times smaller than those of SO42? and NH4+. The PM2.5 NO3? concentration in dry season was three times higher than in rainy season, probably due to reaction of NaCl (sea salt) with HNO3 as a result of higher levels of NOy during the dry season and/or reduced volatilization of NH4NO3 due to lower wintertime temperature. Chloride depletion was observed in both size ranges, although more pronouncely in PM2.5. |
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