Predicting residential indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide,fine particulate matter,and elemental carbon using questionnaire and geographic information system based data |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Landmark Center-4th Floor West, P.O. Box 15677, Boston, MA 02215, USA;2. Department of Biostatistics, Havard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Avenue, SPH2-4th Floor, Boston, MA 02115, USA;3. Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA;1. Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA;2. Institute for a Sustainable Environment, and Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699-5708, USA;3. Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;4. Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;1. Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA;2. Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA;1. Department of General Pediatrics, Arrixaca University Children''s Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain;2. Emergency Department, Los Arcos del Mar Menor University Hospital, San Javier, Murcia, Spain;3. Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Los Arcos del Mar Menor University Hospital, San Javier, Murcia, Spain;1. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, 11th Floor, Room 1104E, New York, NY, USA;2. Kintampo Health Research Centre, Kintampo, Ghana;3. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Route 9 W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA;1. Environmental Protection Engineering Institute, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27, 50 370 Wroclaw, Poland;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Belgium |
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| Abstract: | Previous studies have identified associations between traffic-related air pollution and adverse health effects. Most have used measurements from a few central ambient monitors and/or some measure of traffic as indicators of exposure, disregarding spatial variability and factors influencing personal exposure-ambient concentration relationships. This study seeks to utilize publicly available data (i.e., central site monitors, geographic information system, and property assessment data) and questionnaire responses to predict residential indoor concentrations of traffic-related air pollutants for lower socioeconomic status (SES) urban households.As part of a prospective birth cohort study in urban Boston, we collected indoor and outdoor 3–4 day samples of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in 43 low SES residences across multiple seasons from 2003 to 2005. Elemental carbon (EC) concentrations were determined via reflectance analysis. Multiple traffic indicators were derived using Massachusetts Highway Department data and traffic counts collected outside sampling homes. Home characteristics and occupant behaviors were collected via a standardized questionnaire. Additional housing information was collected through property tax records, and ambient concentrations were collected from a centrally located ambient monitor.The contributions of ambient concentrations, local traffic and indoor sources to indoor concentrations were quantified with regression analyses. PM2.5 was influenced less by local traffic but had significant indoor sources, while EC was associated with traffic and NO2 with both traffic and indoor sources. Comparing models based on covariate selection using p-values or a Bayesian approach yielded similar results, with traffic density within a 50 m buffer of a home and distance from a truck route as important contributors to indoor levels of NO2 and EC, respectively. The Bayesian approach also highlighted the uncertanity in the models. We conclude that by utilizing public databases and focused questionnaire data we can identify important predictors of indoor concentrations for multiple air pollutants in a high-risk population. |
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