Spatial variability and population exposure to PM2.5 pollution from woodsmoke in a New South Wales country town |
| |
| Institution: | 1. King''s College London, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK;2. Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, P.O. Box 100, N-2027 Kjeller, Norway;3. National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middx TW11 0LW, UK;1. Global Centre for Clean Air Research, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences (FEPS), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom;2. Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland;3. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA;4. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA;5. Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695-7908, USA;1. Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada;2. Direction régionale de santé publique du CIUSS du Centre-Sud-de-l′Île-de Montréal, Canada;3. Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Arts, Ryerson University, Canada;4. Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Universtiy of Montreal, Canada;5. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Canada;1. TNO, The Netherlands Applied Research Organization, Utrecht, The Netherlands;2. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands;3. Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Munich, Germany;4. University of Augsburg, Environmental Science Center, Augsburg, Germany;5. AIRPARIF, Paris, France;6. Epidemiology Department, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy;7. Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain;8. IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain;9. CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain;10. MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;11. Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway;12. French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint-Maurice Cedex, France;13. Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark;14. Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology & Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece;15. Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Kuopio, Finland;p. Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands;q. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland;r. University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland;s. Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, UK;1. Institut National de l''Environnement industriel et des RISques (INERIS), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France;2. Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, LCME, F-73000 Chambéry, France;1. Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam 13699-5708, NY, USA;2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam 13699, NY, USA |
| |
| Abstract: | A portable radiance research nephelometer was used to measure the variation in woodsmoke pollution in Armidale (a small town of 22,000 people), New South Wales, Australia, on 14 winter nights in 1996. Winter nights are characterised by inversions that trap the air within the valley and reduce winds to very low speeds (averaging 0.15 m s−1). Pollution varied considerably with location. Mean scattering coefficients (bsp/10 km) for 14 measurement nights ranged from less than 1.0 on the undeveloped fringes of the city to 8.7, the latter representing a 14-night average of 200 μg m−3 of PM2.5. Pollution was generally highest in the residential areas on either side of the valley, where the smoke was generated, rather than the low-lying central creeklands. In places, average pollution levels increased 4-fold within 41 m. The correlation between nephelometer and gravimetric pollution measurements ranged 0.95–0.99. The presence of large, sudden but repeatable changes in air pollution, and high correlations between nephelometer and gravimetric measurements, indicate that mobile pollution monitoring devices provide a useful and accurate estimate of spatial variability. Estimated exposure for the town as a whole was 1.02 for the 6 months from April to September, 0.25 in October as heater use declines, and 0.12 in normal summer months. For comparison, published 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of the distribution of nephelometer coefficients in Sydney were 0.15, 0.24 and 0.37, respectively. Thus annual exposure to PM2.5 pollution in Armidale from woodsmoke is more than double that from all sources in Sydney, a city of 4 million. Overseas estimates of 6% increased mortality for each additional 10 μg m−3 of PM2.5 suggest that wood heaters in Armidale may increase mortality in Armidale by about 7%, with estimated cost of about $4270 per woodheater per year. Alternative cheap and environmentally friendly methods of keeping houses warm in winter, such as solar heating, should therefore be developed. |
| |
| Keywords: | |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ |
|
