Characterization of PM2.5 fugitive metal in the workplaces and the surrounding environment of a secondary aluminum smelter |
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| Institution: | 1. E.R.L., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Attiki, Greece;2. Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Achaia, Greece;3. Physics Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria;4. Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR “Demokritos”, 153 10 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece;5. Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, P.O. Box 180, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia;1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;2. Department of Physics, IMARENAB, University of León, 24071 León, Spain;3. Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, Barcelona, Spain;1. Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV) EA4492, Université du Littoral Côte d''Opale, F-59140 Dunkerque, France;2. Laboratoire d''Informatique Signal et Image de la Côte d''Opale (LISIC) EA4491, Université du Littoral Côte d''Opale, F-62228 Calais, France |
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| Abstract: | Fugitive metal in PM2.5 at the blast furnace (S1), reverberatory furnace (S2), and surrounding environment (S0) of a secondary aluminum smelter (a secondary ALS) was studied. PM2.5 mass concentration at the blast furnace exceeded that at the reverberatory furnace and this was especially apparent during operation, giving an early indication that the blast furnace is more important as a pollutant source. Further, PM2.5 mass concentration levels and patterns at S0 indicated that emissions from the blast furnace and reverberatory furnace were the major source of the observed fine particle pollution in the surrounding environment. Si and K were the main components and hence pollutants by mass in the PM2.5 at S1, S2 and S0 during both operation and non-operation. Hg was not detected in the PM2.5 aerosol during smelter operation but was present at all three sampling locations during non-operation. This is due to the falling blast furnace and reverberatory furnace temperatures during non-operation which cause Hg vapor formed during operation to condense to form detectable Hg particles, and hence Hg contributes to the pollutant load during non-operation. Average S1/S0 and S2/S0 mass concentration ratios of 40.32 and 18.53, respectively, for all measured metals during operation and 7.83 and 5.73 for all measured metals during non-operation indicate that metal particulate pollution at the workplaces of secondary ALSs, particularly at the blast furnace during operation, is a serious issue. S1/S0 mass concentration ratios were higher still for Pb (62.22), Ti (113.40) and Ba (248.64), while the S2/S0 mass concentration ratio for Mo was 138.20. Principal component analyses produced a PC1 that explained 32.36–48.16% of the total variance during operation of the smelter and 47.86–69.Ten percent during non-operation. Their strong component loadings were mainly related to the fugitive PM2.5 mass. Compared to atmospheric metal concentrations reported for other regions of the world, the toxic metals that have relatively higher concentrations in the secondary ALS emissions are Cr, Cd, Cu, As, Pb, Se, Al and Zn, especially during smelter operation. Concentrations of these toxic heavy metals are approximately 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than those reported for various industrial regions and metropolises with heavy traffic across the world. |
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