Determinants of airborne benzene concentrations in rural areas of western Canada |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Minnesota, Masonic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN, United States;2. University of Minnesota, Tobacco Research Programs, Minneapolis, MN, United States;3. University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, United States;4. Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States;5. University of Minnesota, Family Medicine and Community Health, Minneapolis, MN, United States;6. University of Minnesota, Departments of Family Medicine and Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Duluth, MN, United States;7. University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry, Minneapolis, MN, United States;1. Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Sölvegatan 23, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden;2. Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden;3. Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon;1. Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey;2. Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Chest Diseases Clinic, Bursa, Turkey;3. Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Education and Research Hospital, Urology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey;4. Uludağ University Medical Faculty, Department Of Otorhinolaryngology, Bursa, Turkey;5. Esentepe Hospital, Otorhinolaryngology Clinic, Bursa, Turkey |
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| Abstract: | This study estimated the level and determinants of airborne benzene concentrations in rural western Canada. A multi-site, multi-month unbalanced two-factorial design was used to collect air samples at 1206 fixed sites across a geographic area associated with primary oil and gas industry in Canadian provinces of Alberta, north-eastern British Columbia, and central and southern Saskatchewan from April 2001 to December 2002. Benzene concentrations integrated over 1 calendar month were determined using passive organic vapour monitors. Linear mixed effects models were applied to identify the determinants of airborne benzene concentrations, in particular the proximity to oil and gas facilities. The observed geometric mean of benzene concentrations was 158 ng m−3, with large geometric standard deviation: 4.9. Benzene concentrations showed a seasonal variation with maxima in winter and minima in summer. Emissions from oil well (within 2 km) and compressor influenced monthly airborne benzene concentrations. However, in our study, being located in the general area of a gas plant seems to be the most important in determining monthly airborne benzene concentrations. These findings support the need for investigation of the impact of oil and gas industry on quality of rural air. |
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