Emissions profile from new and in-use handheld, 2-stroke engines |
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| Institution: | 1. Environmental Characterization and Apportionment Branch, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA;2. BKI, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;1. Clean Air Research Group, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 14300, Malaysia;2. Environment and Earth Science Department, The Islamic University at Gaza, Palestine;1. CMT-Motores Térmicos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain;2. Renault SAS Rue du Golf 1, 78288 Guyancourt, France;1. European Commission – Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027 Ispra, Va, Italy;2. Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Villigen, Switzerland;3. Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille, France;4. Aerosol d.o.o., 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. Program in Macromolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;2. Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;5. Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;6. National Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals, Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;7. Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA;1. Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA;2. Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;3. The Energy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA;1. Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut''s University of Technology Thonburi, 91 Prachautid Road, Thungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand;3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand;4. School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States;5. Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States;6. National Center of Excellence for Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Advanced Materials, Chulalongkorn University, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;7. Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States |
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| Abstract: | The objective of this study was to characterize exhaust emissions from a series of handheld, 2-stroke small engines. A total of 23 new and used engines from model years 1981–2003 were studied; these engines spanned three phases of emission control (pre-control, phase-1, phase-2). Measured emissions included carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Emissions reductions in CO (78%) and HC (52%) were significant between pre-control and phase-2 engines. These reductions can be attributed to improvements in engine design, reduced scavenging losses, and implementation of catalytic exhaust control. Total hydrocarbon emissions were strongly correlated with fuel consumption rates, indicating varying degrees of scavenging losses during the intake/exhaust stroke. The use of a reformulated gasoline containing 10% ethanol resulted in a 15% decrease in HC and a 29% decrease in CO emissions, on average. Increasing oil content of 2-stroke engine fuels results in a substantial increase of PM2.5 emissions as well as smaller increases in HC and CO emissions. Results from this study enhance existing emission inventories and appear to validate predicted improvements to ambient air quality through implementation of new phase-2 handheld emission standards. |
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