Spatial distribution of source locations for particulate nitrate and sulfate in the upper-midwestern United States |
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| Institution: | 1. Wadsworth Center, New York State Dept. of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA;2. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany, 251 Fuller Rd., Albany, NY 12203, USA;3. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201-0509, USA;1. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Processes, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China;2. Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China;1. Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;3. Key Laboratory of Cities'' Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change in Shanghai (CMA), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;4. School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China;5. Yantai Oceanic Environmental Monitoring Central Station, SOA, Yantai 264006, China;1. Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China;2. Environmental Meteorology Forecast Center of Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China;3. China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China;4. Beijing Municipal Meteorological Observatory, Beijing 100081, China;1. Earth Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center-Centro Nacional de Supercomputación, Barcelona, Spain;2. Environmental Modeling Laboratory, Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain |
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| Abstract: | Two back-trajectory analysis methods designed to be used with multiple site data, simplified quantitative transport bias analysis (SQTBA) and residence time weighted concentration (RTWC), were applied to nitrate and sulfate concentration data from two rural sites (the Mammoth Cave National Park and the Great Smoky Mountain National Park) and five urban sites (Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, and St. Louis) for an intensive investigation on the spatial patterns of origins for these two species in the upper-midwestern area. The study was made by dividing the data into five categories: all sites and all seasons, rural sites in summer, rural sites in winter, urban sites in summer, and urban sites in winter. A general conclusion was that the origins of the nitrate in these seven sites were mainly in the upper-midwestern areas, while the sulfate in these seven sites were mainly from the Ohio and Tennessee River Valley areas. The upper-midwestern areas are regions of high ammonia emissions rather than high NOx emissions. In the winter, metropolitan areas showed the highest nitrate emission potential suggesting the importance of local NOx emissions. In the summer, ammonia emissions from fertilizer application in the lower midwestern area made a significant contribution to nitrate in the rural sites of this study. The impact of the wind direction prevalence on the source spatial patterns was observed by comparing the urban and rural patterns of the summer. The differences between the results of two methods are discussed and suggestions for applying these methods are also provided. |
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